French Revolution
This estate in pre-revolutionary France paid most of the taxes and had the least political power.
The Third Estate
This European event weakened Spain and Portugal, opening the door for independence.
Napoleon’s invasion of Spain and Portugal
The priest who launched the first stage of Mexico’s independence with the Grito de Dolores.
Miguel Hidalgo
The main economic system of the Southern states before the Civil War.
Slave-based agrarian economy
The Enlightenment ideal shared by all revolutions of this period.
Liberty and Equality
The event that symbolized the start of the French Revolution in 1789.
Storming of the Bastille
The first successful independence movement led by enslaved people in the Americas.
Haitian Revolution
José María Morelos’ main contribution to independence.
Apatzingán Constitution, the call for equality and abolition of slavery
The term for when a state leaves or breaks away from a nation.
Secession
Between freedom and stability, Napoleon prioritized this value.
Stability
The Revolution introduced this concept that power should come from the people, not the king.
Popular sovereignty
Latin American independence was full of contradictions because elites wanted freedom but kept this system.
Slavery and social hierarchy
The plan that united royalists and insurgents under three guarantees.
Plan de Iguala
The leader of the Union during the U.S Civil War.
Abraham Lincoln
In the context of independence, this group gained political power in Mexico but kept others excluded.
Criollos
This civil code established equality before the law but also limited women’s rights.
Napoleonic Code
Enlightenment ideals like liberty and equality inspired Latin American independence, but these groups were often left out.
Indigenous and Afro-descendant peoples
After independence, the 1824 Constitution declared Mexico a ______ Republic.
Federal Republic
The 1863 document that declared all enslaved people in Confederate states free.
Emancipation Proclamation
Define the term national identity in your own words.
Sense of belonging to a nation through shared ideals, culture, and history
After years of instability, many French people accepted Napoleon’s rule. Why?
Because he provided stability and order after chaos
Explain the paradox of the Latin American revolutions.
They achieved national sovereignty but not full social equality
Identify one reason the first Mexican Empire (under Iturbide) collapsed quickly.
Lack of legitimacy, financial crisis, or internal division
The deeper question behind the Civil War: “The Revolution created the U.S.; the Civil War determined...”
What kind of nation it would become
Across all revolutions and wars studied, what recurring tension defines the 19th century?
The conflict between ideals (freedom, equality) and power (control, order, hierarchy)