Human Development
What term refers to our innate biological factors such as genes, DNA?
Nature
What term refers to upbringing, life experiences, and environment?
Nurture
The process of acquiring through experience new and relatively enduring information or behaviors
Learning
What animal did Pavlov use to study classical conditioning?
Dog
Persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information is known as
Memory
Standards for acceptable, expected behavior are called
Norms
Awareness that things continue to exist even when not perceived is called
Object permanence
In classical conditioning, one term refers to things that are learned, another term refers to things that are unlearned. What are those terms?
Conditioned = learned
Unconditioned = unlearned
What are the three types of learning?
Classical conditioning, operant conditioning, observational learning
What are the three measures of memory?
Recall, recognition, relearning
The study of the evolution of behavior and the mind using principles of natural selection is known as
Evolutionary Psychology
Which Marcia identity status includes low commitment and high exploration?
Identity Moratorium
Match the theorists to the type of learning they developed
Pavlov - classical conditioning
Skinner - operant conditioning
Bandura - observational learning
What is modeling?
The process of observing and imitating a specific behavior
Define the three measures of memory
Recall = retrieving information that is not currently in your conscious awareness but that was learned at an earlier time
Recognition = identifying items previously learned
Relearning = learning something more quickly when you encounter it a second or later time
Feeling lost about which behaviors are appropriate can be described as
Culture shock
Name the four attachment styles
Secure, ambivalent, avoidant, disorganized
Who do behaviorists give credit to for his theories on observation and learning?
John B. Watson
What is the difference between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement?
Positive reinforcement = increasing behaviors by presenting positive reinforces
Negative reinforcement = increases behavior by stopping or reducing negative stimuli
What are the three effortful processing strategies
Chunking, mnemonics, hierarchies
What differentiates individualism and collectivism?
Individualist cultures value independence. Collectivist cultures value interdependence
When does stranger anxiety start to develop for children?
At about 8 months
How do we learn? (Hint: we learn through three things)
Associative learning, consequences, acquisition of mental information that guides behavior
What is the difference between positive and negative punishment?
Positive punishment = presenting a negative consequence after an undesired behavior is exhibited
Negative punishment = removing a desired stimulus after a particular undesired behavior is exhibited
Encode =
Storage =
Retrieve =
Encode = get information into the brain
Storage = retain that information
Retrieve = later get the information back out