Research Methods
This type of research can detect cohort effects
Sequential
This term describes the interplay between genetics and outside influences, shaping a child's growth and development.
Nature versus Nurture
In what stage of delivery is the baby born?
The second stage
Caroline, a four-year-old attending preschool regularly, faces difficulties gripping pencils according to her teacher's feedback to her parents. While her classmates can handle pencils, crayons, and markers, Caroline continues to struggle with this skill. What specific motor abilities does Caroline need to improve?
Fine motor skills
In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what is the first stage where infants explore the world through their senses and motor activities?
Sensorimotor Stage
True or False: For research to be reliable it has to be valid.
False
In a study of identical twins raised apart, one in a high socioeconomic status town and the other in a lower socioeconomic area, they displayed similar personalities but pursued different careers. Which factor—environment or genetics—might have influenced their divergent career paths despite their shared personalities? Why?
Environment. In a high socioeconomic status neighborhood, the child most likely has access to more resources.
What is the a structure connected to the uterus that provides nourishment and oxygen from the mother to the developing embryo via the umbilical cord?
Placenta
James, who is a hearing child, exclusively experiences sign language from birth. He attends a child-care center while his parents work out and they communicated to the mom and dad that he is having a hard time verbalizing his emotions. Is this example of experience- expectant or experience -dependent plasticity?
Expectant - we are expected to be exposed to language
This type of motivation comes from within, driven by personal interest, enjoyment, or a sense of satisfaction
Intrinsic motivation
Jackson is researching how intelligence and age interact. He is collecting his data all at the same time and using a group of 20 year olds, 40 year olds, and 60 year olds. What type of design is this?
Cross-sectional research
What term describes the wide range of potential outcomes within a shared genetic framework, where children with identical genetic potentials can exhibit diverse developmental paths influenced by environmental factors?
Range of Reaction
What are the factors that can contribute to birth defects which include some maternal diseases, drugs, alcohol, and stress
Teratogens
In the context of neural development, what process involves the formation of a fatty layer around nerve fibers, enhancing the speed of electrical impulses and contributing to the refinement of motor skills?
Myelination
In Piaget's theory of cognitive development, this term refers to the process of adjusting existing mental frameworks to incorporate new information or experiences.
Accommodation
An essential feature of science, that allows for large scale collaboration across both time and space.
Publication
If a child's ability to walk or grasp objects shows remarkable uniformity regardless of environmental factors or minor variations in practice, does this demonstrate "deep" or "shallow" canalization in motor skills?
Deep canalization
At what age is the age of viability reached?
22-28 weeks
____ is the interaction of information with the sensory receptors, while ____ is the process of interpreting what is sensed.
sensation; perception
According to Lev Vygotsky, what is the term for the range of tasks that a child can perform with the help of a more knowledgeable person, guiding their cognitive development?
Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)
What type of research is the study of the nature of phenomena and is less concerned with drawing general conclusions about human behavior, focussing instead on a specific, in depth analysis of an individual in real world contexts?
Qualitative research
A child inherits genes associated with a predisposition for athleticism. The parents, who are both athletes, encourage the child to participate in a variety of sports activities from a young age, fostering skill development and passion for physical activities. Is this an active, passive, or evocative gene-environment interaction?
Active
What measures does the APGAR scale assess?
Appearance/color
Pulse/heart rate
Grimace/reflexive response to stimuli
Activity/muscle tone
Respiration
What concept in neurobiology refers to the brain's ability to reorganize itself, adapt, and form new neural connections in response to experiences and environmental stimuli, playing a crucial role in learning and skill acquisition?
Neuroplasticity
What umbrella term encompasses cognitive processes such as working memory, cognitive flexibility, and inhibitory control, that play a crucial role in a child's ability to plan, solve problems, and regulate behavior?
Executive Functions