Chapter 1-2-3
What is homestasis?
the ability of living systems to maintain a constant internal environment, despite changes in their external environment.
How many covalent bonds can a carbon atom make?
4
What’s the covalent bond that connects individual carbohydrate monomers called?
glycosidic bond
What’s the function of nucleolus?
Ribosome Synthesis/Assembly
These transporters works against the ion gradient ( active transport)
pumps
What is the direction of the biological information flow?
DNA ---> RNA ---> Protein
In order, name the chemical bonds based on strength from strongest to weakest.
Covalent ---> Ionic ---> Hydrogen ---> VDWI
What’s the covalent bond that connects glycerol with fatty acids in triacylglycerol called?
ester bond
This structure consists of two layers of molecules, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, creating a barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
phospholipid bilayer
What molecule is the energy source for active transport.
ATP
What’s the macromolecule that was used for the three domains of life classification?
rRNA
What are enantiomers?
pair of molecules that are images to each other
This jelly-like substance fills the interior of the cell, providing a medium for biochemical reactions and housing organelles
How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
How many membranes does the chloroplast have ?
2,2
These specialized structures create direct channels between neighboring cells, allowing ions and small molecules to pass freely, facilitating rapid communication
Gap junctions
What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
Where is the genetic information (DNA) of the bacterial chromosome stored within the cell?
nucleoid
This protein forms the building blocks of microtubules, playing a critical role in maintaining cell shape, enabling cell division, and facilitating intracellular transport.
tubulin
Carbohydrates are present only on the exterior surface of the ------------ and are attached to proteins, forming glycoproteins, or attached to lipids, forming glycolipids.
This membrane protein plays a key role in forming vesicles during endocytosis by coating the inward-facing surface of the plasma membrane.
Clathrin
What is responsible for the fluidity of plasma membrane?
Cholesterol
What are the different kinds of RNA?
2 functions: protein synthesis, gene regulation.
mRNA,rRNA, tRNA --- protein syntheis
microRNA --- gene regulation
proteins that help other proteins fold correctly, refold after partial denaturation, and move to the right locations in the cell
Chaperone
What is the interior of mitochondria called?
What is the interior of chloroplast called?
Stroma
These junctions form a seal between neighboring cells, preventing the passage of molecules and ions through the space between them.
Tight junctions