Core concepts
What is a bias?
It is a systematic error in how we think and see the world.
Mental shortcuts
Give an example of a model
Any model may apply
Give an example of a theory
Any theory may apply
What does the theory states?
Who proposed this theory?
The cognitive ability to understand other individual’s mental states.
Premack and Woodruff
What is the emic approach? Give an example
An insider’s way of studying a culture
Explain the acculturation model
Who proposed this model?
how individuals navigate two cultures by balancing heritage culture and new culture
Berry
Explain the dual processing theory
Who proposed it?
States the human brain uses two distinct paths for thinking and making choices depending on the context.
System 1 is fast, automatic, and intuitive
System 2 is slow, deliberate, and logical.
Kahneman
What does the cultural dimension states?
Is a frameworkthat explains how national cultures shape values and behavior
Explain the different theories used in the ToM
What is the etic approach? Give an example
An outseder’s way of studying a culture
Explain and give an example of classical conditioning model
Pavlov.
Any example may apply
Explain the Social Cognitive Theory and name the author
A theory that states people learn through observation.
Bandura.
Hofstede
Mention 2 possible limitations of ToM and explain each
Language
Age
Education (academic/socio-emotional)
Physical impairment
What is anchoring bias? Give an example
mental shortcut where you rely too much on the first piece of information you see or hear.
Explain the operant conditioning model
Who proposed this model?
Is a model that explains how a subjects learns based on rewards or consequences.
(positive and negative reinforcement and positive and negative punishment)
Skinner
Explain the Schema theory.
Who proposed it?
Explains how the human brain organizes, processes, and retrieves information using structured mental frameworks called schemas.
Piaget and Barlett
Make an evaluation of ToM using construct validity
Does a false-belief task really measure ToM, or does it also measure language and executive functioning?
What is confirmation bias? Give an example
mental shortcut of looking for facts that prove what we already believe while ignoring facts that do not.
Explain the diathesis stress model
Who proposed this model?
Vulnerability + stressor (bio, psyc, social) = mental health condition
Meehl
Explain the theory of planned behaviour
Who proposed this model?
attitudes + subjective norms + perceived control = behaviour
Ajzen
Make a cultural validity/generalizability evaluation of ToM
Are findings from predominantly Western samples applicable to children from different cultures?