Perception
From the Notes: The definition of Perception.
The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses.
From the Notes: The definition of Comprehension.
Taking the information you have gathered and processing it together with your individual knowledge to build a mental model of the traffic situation.
From the Notes: The definition of Projection.
Observing changes in the things that you perceive and re-inputting them into your mental model to update your current and future picture.
From the Notes: The definition of Situational Awareness.
The continuous extraction of environmental information, the integration of this information with previous knowledge to form a coherent mental picture, and the use of that picture in developing a perception in order to anticipate future events.
From the Notes:
After gathering information, using ______, and ________ out the window and of ________, you need to determine the significance of each piece of information and analyze how it pertains to a specific task at hand or your overall picture.
After gathering information, using auditory cues, and visual scanning out the window and of your equipment, you need to determine the significance of each piece of information and analyze how it pertains to a specific task at hand or your overall picture.
From the Notes:
Name 4 events and behaviours that can lead to a loss of situational awareness in the perception stage.
- Tunnel Vision
- High workload
- Complex/detailed problems
- Distractions and interruptions
- Unaware of the impact/significance of changes
- Passive, complacent behaviour
The three processes of situational awareness.
1. The perception of what is happening (scanning, gathering data).
2. The comprehension of what has been perceived (understanding, creating a mental model).
3. The projection or use of your comprehension to think ahead (updating the model).
From the Notes:
In the comprehension stage, you are moving past simply observing things on SiT. You are seeing conflicts and using it to help apply techniques to separate aircraft such as:
- Sequencing aircraft
- Passing Traffic
- Resolving Conflicts
- Verifying aircraft are where they should be
From the Notes:
Name the events and behaviours that can lead to a loss of situational awareness in the comprehension and projection stages.
Comprehension:
- Lack of knowledge or experience
- Use of a wrong or inappropriate mental model
- Confirmation bias
Projection:
- Failure to achieve the previous two steps (perception and comprehension)
- Over-reliance on a faulty mental model
Name some of the information included in OIDS-R.
- Wind
- Altimeter
- METARs
- PIREPs
- SIGMETs
- NOTAMs
From the Notes:
Name 4 of the 6 tools a controller uses determine what information is relevant to the task.
- IWP
- OIDS-R
- SiT
- Scanning out the window
- Possible equipment outages
- Do not make assumptions
From the Notes:
Name 5 signs that can indicate a degraded situational awareness
- Ambiguous decision making
- Focusing on one thing to the exclusion of everything else
- Preoccupation on non-critical tasks
- Unresolved problems
- Poor communications
- Failing to follow standard procedures
- Falling behind
- Not answering calls in a timely fashion
From the Notes:
How to gather required information during any given situation to develop situational awareness
(Name at least 5)
- Receive relief briefing
- Scan out the window
- IWP
- SiT
- Ground Radar (SMGCS / A-SMGCS)
- NVCS (National Voice Communication System)
- OIDS-R (Operational Information Display System - Replacement)
- Listening Watch
- Pilot Reports
From the Notes:
Name 6 of the 13 ways to develop and maintain situational awareness
- Deliver and receive thorough relief briefing
- Integrate scanning into your routine
- Communicate with coworkers
- Communicate with pilots
- Be attentive to the working environment around you
- Staffing considerations
- Know your personal limits
- Maintain a good knowledge of systems
- Shift tasks away from a busy time
- Avoid fixating on a problem
- Plan ahead
- Anticipate pilot requests and "What ifs" (Always have a Plan B)
From the Notes:
Name 6 ways to recover situational awareness once it has been lost.
- Keep it simple - revert back to the simplest, safest solution.
- Follow rules and procedures
- Communicate that you need help
- Try to recover the big picture by expanding your focus
- Manage stress and distractions
- Manage your fatigue
- Take time to think - slow down to ensure you are making a safe decision
- Delay traffic, where possible, until such time as you can safely handle it