absolutism
for centuries, many Europeans nations believed what?
that stability came from absolute rule
instead of relying on tradition or religious explanation alone, thinkers ________ _________.
promoted knowledge
voltaire strongly defended _______ __ ______ and _______.
freedom of speech and religion
In France, this collision led to revolution. ____ and heavy ________ on peasants, combined with social inequality, created deep hate toward the monarchy.
Debt and taxation
after the glorious revolution, england became a ______________ monarchy.
constitutional monarchy
what is absolutism?
who introduced the heliocentric model?
thomas Hobbes described government as a ______ ________.
social contract
What consisted of series of guillotine executions?
reign of terror
the English bill of rights (1689) further limited what?
royal authority
rulers such as _____ ___ __ ______ embodied this belief, expanding their nations through costly wars.
louis xiv of france
questioning religious authority
enlightenment ideals are influenced art and architecture, inspiring the ____________ _____.
neoclassical style
who rose to power in 1799 for spreading revolutionary principles across Europe through military conquest?
napoleon bonaparte
the articles of confederation created a weak _______ __________.
central government
in spain during the 17th century, financial troubles such as a _______ __________ weakened the state, even though inflation itself was not a primary issue.
bankrupt government
what invention of galileo Galilei's provided evidence that contradicted the church-supported geocentric model.
telescope
Enlightenment philosophers still believed women should remain in ___________ _____.
traditional roles
though acknowledgment by the pope, what did Napoleon bonaparte do?
crowned himself emperor
Who had ruled as lord protector following the English civil war?
oliver cromwell
monarchs later attempted to modernize their rule by adopting Enlightenment ideas while keeping absolute authority, becoming what historians call ___________ _______.
enlightened despots
what model argued that the earth revolved around the sun?
heliocentric model
works like diderot's encyclopedia, which challenged church authority and prompted reason, alarmed catholic officials why?
they thought it unfairly criticized them
napoleon bonaparte established reforms in the government through the Napoleonic code, _________ ________ ___ ____ ________.
promoting equality and fair taxation
what did england becoming a constitutional monarchy do to the power of monarchs?
it limited or restricted the monarchs power by law.