Chapter 3
What is the "garbage can" of the cell? It contains a digestive enzyme and attaches to incoming vesicles to break them down.
Lysosomes
The plasma membrane is made up of what?
Phospholipid bilayer and proteins
What is entropy?
Relative amount of disorder
Which molecules are the products of aerobic respiration?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
At a cellular level, photosynthesis occurs where?
The chloroplast
Who is Robert Hooke? What did he look at for his discovery?
The scientist that discovered cells. Looked at cork cells.
Why do proteins not pass through the cell membrane?
Because they are very large.
Enzymes are specific. This means that they
What is another name for the citric acid cycle?
Krebs Cycle
What are the raw materials required for photosynthesis?
Carbon Dioxide and Water
Which cellular structure is responsible for packaging materials with the cell?
The Golgi Apparatus
What does permeability refer too?
The extent at which something can pass through the plasma membrane, like charge, polarity, and size
The location in which the enzyme and substrate bind is called the
active site
What are the reactants and substrates for cellular respiration?
Glucose and Oxygen
What tissue is specialized for photosynthesis in leaves?
Mesophylls
What are the structures of the nucleus?
The Nucleolus, Nuclear Envelope, Nuclear Pores
An isotonic solution means that the solute concentration outside the cell
is the same as inside the cell.
What is the difference between an exergonic reaction and an endergonic reaction?
Exergonic releases energy, and endergonic requires an input of energy.
What are the four phases of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis, Preparatory Reaction, Citric Acid Cycle, Electron Transport Chain
Why are plant leaves green?
They reflect green wavelengths of light
What is the structures of the mitochondria and the chloroplast from further in to out?
Chloroplast: Thylakoid space, thylakoid, stroma, inner membrane, outer membrane
Mitochondria: Matrix, Cristae, Inner membrane, Outer membrane
When a substance moves from an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration while using energy, the process is termed
Active Transport
What are the laws of thermodynamics?
1. Energy can be neither created nor destroyed but it can be changed from one form to another.
2. Energy cannot be changed from one form to another without a loss of usable energy.
Muscles undergo fermentation when
No oxygen is available
What are the two reactions of photosynthesis?
Light Reaction and Calvin cycle reaction
Function of plasma membrane
maintain homeostasis
selectively allow ions in the cell
What type of process does the sodium-potassium pump do?
active transport
Explain Degradation and Synthesis
Degradation substrate is broken down to smaller products
Synthesis substrate is bound together to form a larger product
Where is the electron transport chain located in the mitochondria?
The Cristae
What are the stages of the Calvin cycle?
carbon dioxide fixation, carbon dioxide reduction, and regeneration of RuBP
Name the three types of cytoskeleton filaments
actin, intermediate, microtubules
What are all the different types of proteins and their characteristics?
- Chanel Protein - passively allows specific ions to move through them
- Carrier Protein - Changes shape to allow ions through
- Cell Recognition Protein - Recognizes molecules and ions outside the cell
- Receptor Protein - specifically binds and shaped for certain ions
- Enzymatic Protein - Enzyme binds to protein to catalyze a reaction
Functions of enzyme
lower the activation energy needed for a reaction to occur
What phase of cellular respiration produces the most ATP?
The electron transport chain
The Calvin cycle reactions are dependent upon a supply of
carbon dioxide, NADPH, and ATP.
what are the four supports to the endosymbiotic theory?
1. Similar in size to bacteria
2. both bounded by a double membrane
3. both contain genetic material
4. Both have ribosomes and produce proteins
What type of solution does plant cells prefer
hypotonic and isotonic
What are all the factors affecting enzymatic speed?
Temperature and Ph, Substrate concentration, Enzyme activation, Enzyme inhibition, Enzyme Cofactors
Pyruvate can be converted to lactate instead of going to the preparatory reaction. What is the process called?
fermentation
Explain the sequence of the light reactions
PSII -> ETC -> PSI