Experimental Issues
Experimental Design
Application
Surveys
Sampling
100
A confound varies along with what other variable?
Independent variable
100
Matching pairs of participants on intelligence, and then randomly assigning one member to one group and one member to another group is an example of __________.
Matched pairs design
100
At the end of a three-year study on college students, Matt finds that 25 percent of his participants did not take part in the final survey because they switched schools. In research terms, Matt is experiencing a _____ problem.
Mortality
100
When Carl responds to the questions on a survey, he answers in a way that would reflect most favorably on him. Carl’s behavior best illustrates _________.
Social desirability
100
With simple random sampling, each member of the population has a(n) ________ probability of being sampled.
Equal
200
If the effects of a confound and independent variable cannot be separated, what type of validity decreases?
Internal validity
200
When individuals are randomly assigned to one condition each, this is a(n) __________ design, whereas when individuals are assigned to participate in every condition, this is a(n) __________ design.
Independent groups; repeated measures
200
An investigator wants to see whether packaging information affects the way people rate breakfast cereal. The same cereal is put in three packages: (a) a brown box that says, "To start your day off with a smile"; (b) a yellow box that says, "For extra energy all day"; and (c) a white box that says, "Fortified with B complex and iron." What is confounded with packaging information?
Color of the box
200
“Do you think it is important to decrease the extreme amount of money wasted on holiday decorations?” is an example of a _____ question.
Loaded question
200
If a you want to assess U.S. political opinions on universal healthcare by age group, and you randomly select participants from 3 age subgroups (18-30 years, 31-55 years, 56 years and older) according to their proportion in the population, you are using what type of sampling method?
Stratified random sampling
300
Which experimental issue is associated with a large number of participants dropping out from a study before completion of the experiment?
Mortality
300
To control the effects of order, a researcher can use ________, in which all possible orders of presentation of the stimuli are included in the experiment.
Counterbalancing (or complete counterbalancing)
300
A researcher wants to examine the effect of lighting on task performance. She places one group of participants in a room that is brightly lit, a second group in a room that is dimly lit, and a third in a room where the lights are turned off. She then measures the amount of time it takes each group to complete an identical task. This design would best represent a(n) _______ design.
Independent groups
300
In order to study changes in answers to survey questions over time, a researcher could use a(n) __________.
Panel study
300
The city council wants to examine their citizens’ feelings about allowing dogs on the city’s beaches. They construct a list of all the blocks in the city and randomly select 20% of the blocks to sample. They then survey all residents of the selected city blocks. This sampling strategy is an example of which of the following sampling techniques?
Cluster sampling
400
Improvement of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect. However, deterioration of performance as a result of repeated exposure to a task is referred to as a _____ effect.
Practice; fatigue
400
What is a disadvantage of using a pre-test post-test design?
Pre-test can desensitize participants to the manipulation; time-consuming
400
A psychologist is interested to know which of two sorting techniques leads to better memory performance in 6 year olds. Each participant first sorts a set of pictures any way he or she would like. Recall is then tested. After this, each participant is required to sort an equivalent set of pictures into five predetermined categories. Recall for the items in this test is then tested. What procedure does this study represent?
Repeated measures
400
In general, the lower the response rate for a survey, the more likely what increases?
Bias (which would distort findings)
400
Your nutrition instructor asks you to distribute a survey on food preference to a random sample of college students. To save time, you go to the UC and distribute the surveys among the students who are there. This sampling method is called ________ sampling.
Haphazard
500
If the results are valid within the confines of the experimental situation, the researcher can be said to have established _________.
Internal validity
500
What are two advantages of using a pretest?
It allows assessment of group equivalency; can select specific types of participants; can assess effects of mortality.
500
Michele has participants complete a memory task. She then gives a short training to participants on the use of pneumonic devices, and has the participants complete the memory task again to see if the training improved their scores. This type of design is _________.
Pre-test Post-test
500
When interviewing Sarah, John nods his head and smiles whenever Sarah responds with an answer that he likes. John’s behavior is an example of _________.
Interviewer bias
500
DAILY DOUBLE: What is the amount of deviation obtained from a sample from the true population value?
Sampling error
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