Language
Language is described as structured, automatic, and this third property, meaning it unfolds word-by-word in real time.
incremental
This type of learning links two stimuli so that one predicts the other, as in Pavlov’s dog.
classical conditioning
The cells in the retina that begin basic image processing before sending information to the brain
cones and rods
Reading color words in mismatched ink (e.g., “RED” printed in blue) measures interference in this task.
strop task
This other type of aphasia results in halting, effortful speech but relatively preserved comprehension. The cells that are active in dim light
Broca's aphasia
This type of aphasia leads to fluent but nonsensical speech with poor comprehension. →
Wernicke's aphasia
This brief sensory trace lasts only milliseconds and is sometimes called iconic memory.
sensory memory
When a target differs from distractors by one basic feature, we can find it quickly in this type of search
feature search
When a target requires combining multiple features, attention must move item-by-item in this type of search.
conjunction search
The first stage of vision that encodes edges, luminance, and orientation is called this.
Primal Sketch
The phenomenon of momentarily knowing a word but being unable to retrieve it.
tip-of-the-tongue (TOT)
The inability to form new long-term memories after brain damage is known as this type of amnesia
anterograde amnesia
Figures can flip between two interpretations, showing this property of perception.
bistable figures/illusions
This memory system has a capacity of roughly 7 ± 2 chunks.
working memory
The XOR problem revealed that perceptrons fail on patterns that are not this.
linearly separable
The hypothesis that language influences perception and cognition is called the _____________ hypothesis.
linguistic relativity (or Sapir-Whorf)
The strengthening of synaptic connections through repeated co-activation is called this.
long-term potentiation (LTP)
The inability to notice large changes in a visual scene, even across cuts or distractions, is known as this phenomenon.
change blindness
In operant conditioning, this term refers to increasing a behavior by removing something unpleasant.
negative reinforcement
Remembering where you were when you heard shocking news involves this vivid type of memory.
flashbulb memories
Creoles demonstrate that when children acquire pidgin input, they add structure and grammar, supporting this view of language.
the innateness or universal-grammar hypothesis
The recurrent network that adds a “context layer” to preserve information across time is called this.
simple recurrent network (SRN)
These two LGN pathways differ in speed and resolution—one fast and coarse, the other slow and detailed.
magnocellular and parvocellular pathways
The optic nerve connects the retina to this structure in the thalamus that processes visual information
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
The two main visual streams are known as these functional systems.
“what” (ventral) and “where” (dorsal) systems