Chapter 1-2-3
What’s the macromolecule that was used for the three domains of life classification?
rRNA
This system includes various interconnected organelles such as the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, vesicles, and the plasma membrane, all working together to synthesize, modify, and transport proteins and lipids within the cell.
endomembrane system
------------- is a chemical reaction where two molecules are joined together by the removal of water, typically forming a larger, more complex molecule, while --------- is the process of breaking down a compound by adding water, resulting in smaller molecules.
dehydration synthesis
hydrolysis
What’s the function of nucleolus?
This process requires energy, usually in the form of ATP, to move molecules across the plasma membrane against their concentration gradient.
active transport
What is the direction of information flow in biological system?
DNA ---> RNA ---> Protein
In order, name the chemical bonds based on strength from strongest to weakest.
Covalent---> Ionic ---> Hydrogen bond ---> VDWI
These structures, essential for cell movement, are composed of microtubules arranged in a distinctive '9+2' pattern, commonly found in eukaryotic cells.
cilia and flagella
How many membranes does the mitochondria have?
How many membranes does the chloroplast have ?
2,2
This process involves the passive movement of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane from a region of lower solute concentration to higher solute concentration.
osmosis
What is the structural difference between saturated and unsaturated fatty acids?
Saturated fatty acids have hydrocarbon chains connected by single bonds only. Unsaturated fatty acids have one or more double bonds.
These are pairs of molecules that are mirror images of each other.
enantiomers
These specialized structures create direct channels between neighboring cells, allowing ions and small molecules to pass freely, facilitating rapid communication
Gap junctions
This structure consists of two layers of molecules, with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward, creating a barrier that regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell.
phospholipid bilayer
This protein plays a crucial role in forming coated vesicles during endocytosis, helping transport molecules into the cell by shaping the membrane into a vesicle.
Clathrin
the ability of living systems to maintain a constant internal environment, despite changes in their external environment.
homeostasis
These junctions form a seal between neighboring cells, preventing the passage of molecules and ions through the space between them.
Tight junctions
This type of membrane protein binds to specific molecules and changes shape to transport them across the plasma membrane, either passively or actively, depending on the concentration gradient
carrier
This protein is attached to the surface of the plasma membrane, either on the cytoplasmic or extracellular side, and often plays a role in signaling or maintaining the cell’s structure.
peripheral protein
This type of protein is embedded within the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane, often spanning across it to facilitate transport or signaling
integral protein
This molecule is an essential component of the plasma membrane, providing stability and fluidity to the cell's structure while modulating membrane permeability
Cholesterol
These integral membrane proteins create passageways that allow specific ions or molecules to flow across the plasma membrane, often following their concentration gradient.
channel
proteins that help other proteins fold correctly, refold after partial denaturation, and move to the right locations in the cell
"This molecule carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosome, where it is translated into a protein.
mRNA
These membrane proteins use energy, usually from ATP, to transport ions or molecules against their concentration gradient
pump