Learning & Conditioning
This term refers to biological growth and developmental processes that enable orderly changes in behavior, largely independent of experience.
What is maturation?
This brief sensory memory holds visual images for only a fraction of a second.
What is iconic memory?
The tendency to recall the first and last items in a list better than the middle items is known as this effect.
What is the serial position effect?
A step-by-step procedure that guarantees a correct solution to a problem if followed correctly.
What is an algorithm?
Any environmental agent, such as alcohol, drugs, or viruses, that can cross the placenta and cause birth defects is called a what?
What is a teratogen?
In Pavlov’s classic experiment, the sound of the tone/bell after conditioning occurred served as this type of stimulus.
What is a Conditioned Stimulus (CS)?
Repeating a phone number continuously in your head to keep it active in short-term memory is called this type of rehearsal.
What is maintenance rehearsal?
Highly vivid, detailed memories of where you were during a significant, emotionally shocking event are known as these.
What are flashbulb memories?
The inability to perceive new uses for an object beyond its traditional intended purpose is called this.
What is functional fixedness?
This developmental research design evaluates a single group of participants repeatedly over an extended period of time.
What is a longitudinal design?
This type of consequence involves removing an unpleasant stimulus to increase the likelihood of a desired behavior.
What is negative reinforcement?
Linking new material to existing knowledge and personal meaning leads to deeper storage through this rehearsal method.
What is elaborative rehearsal?
Elizabeth Loftus extensively studied how post-event misinformation alters this type of courtroom testimony.
What is eyewitness memory?
This French psychologist is considered the father of modern intelligence testing for creating the first practical scale in 1905.
Who is Alfred Binet?
In Jean Piaget's theory, the understanding that physical properties stay the same despite changes in appearance is called this.
What is conservation?
A slot machine pays out after an unpredictable number of pulls, operating on this specific reinforcement schedule.
What is a variable-ratio schedule?
This memory model proposes that information is processed simultaneously across an interconnected neural network rather than in linear, sequential steps.
What is the Parallel Distributed Processing (PDP) model?
An inability to recall memories from before a brain injury or trauma is known as this type of amnesia.
What is retrograde amnesia?
These are the smallest units of meaning in a language, including root words, prefixes, and suffixes.
What are morphemes?
According to Erik Erikson, infants in their first year of life navigate this primary psychosocial crisis.
What is Trust vs. Mistrust?
Albert Bandura’s famous Bobo Doll experiment demonstrated this type of learning, where behavior is acquired by watching others.
What is observational learning?
This primary brain structure in the limbic system is critical for consolidating short-term memories into long-term explicit memories.
What is the hippocampus?
An inability to form new long-term memories after a brain injury occurs is known as this type of amnesia.
What is anterograde amnesia?
Robert Sternberg proposed this theory of intelligence, which splits intelligence into Analytical, Creative, and Practical dimensions.
What is the Triarchic Theory of Intelligence?
Lawrence Kohlberg categorized moral reasoning driven purely by avoiding punishment or gaining rewards as belonging to this level.
What is the preconventional level?