Norms, values, culture
What is a norm? Give 1 example
Norms are guidelines for behaviour in social settings, understood by members of a group
Examples:
Holding door open for people
Saying “bless you” when somebody sneezes
Not going to college or work in your pyjamas
What is the nature view of human behaviour?
The idea that our behaviour is shaped by natural instincts
Why is the structural approach also called the 'top down' approach?
Because it sees the structure of society as something which exists above and around us and acts downward upon us to shape our behaviour
All the things needed for production
Raw materials, land, machinery, factories, etc
What are values? Give 1 example
Values are general principles or guidelines for our behaviour - ideas of what is right and wrong
Examples:
Freedom of speech
Marriage
Religious beliefs
Meritocracy
Explain two differences between primary and secondary socialisation
Socialisation is the act of learning one's culture
Key differences:
Age at which it takes place
Where influence comes from/agents of socialisation
Identify one positive function of:
The education system
The family
Education:
- Secondary socialisation
- Supports the economy by upskilling the workforce
Family:
- Primary socialisation
- Supports the economy by buying food etc.
- Reproduces the next generation
According to Marxists, society is based on a class conflict between two social classes of unequal power and wealth. Who are these two classes?
The bourgeoisie (the ruling, capitalist class)
The proletariat (the exploited, working class)
Define the term 'culture' and give 3 examples of cultural characteristics
Culture: all those things that are learned and shared by a society or a group of people and transmitted from generation to generation
Cultural characteristics could include:
Norms, values, customs, traditions, language, skills, knowledge, beliefs, dress, relationships, economic systems, diet, and more!
Define the term 'status' and explain the difference between 'ascribed' and 'achieved' status
A status is a position in society
Some statuses are ascribed e.g. being born into the royal family, whilst others are achieved e.g. through education or hard work
What is value consensus?
Which social perspective believes society is based on value consensus?
Value consensus = agreement about shared values from most members of society
Functionalism
Name three social institutions that make up the 'ideological superstructure' according to Marx.
Media
Education
Religion
Norms are not universal or fixed - they can vary according to...
(give 4 things)
Social situation or location
Historical context/Time period
Culture
Gender
Give an example of each type of sanction:
Formal positive
Informal positive
Formal negative
Informal negative
Relevant examples
Name four key concepts associated with Functionalism
Social solidarity
Organic analogy
Functional pre-requisites
Value consensus
Name 4 key concepts associated with Marxism
Class conflict
Proletariat
Bourgeoisie
Capitalism
Exploitation
Base-superstructure model
False class consciousness