Industrial Growth
What new process allowed steel to be made faster and cheaper, helping cities grow upward?
The Bessemer Process
What term describes a company that controls an entire industry?
A monopoly
What factor pulled immigrants to the United States in the late 1800s?
Job opportunities in industry.
What was the main goal of Progressivism?
To fix social, economic, and political problems.
What amendment granted women the right to vote?
The 19th Amendment.
Why did railroads play a major role in late nineteenth-century industrial growth?
They linked raw materials, factories, and markets across the nation
What strategy did John D. Rockefeller use by controlling all stages of oil production?
Vertical integration.
What type of housing often held poor urban workers in unsafe conditions?
Tenements
What role did muckrakers play in the Progressive Era?
They exposed corruption and abuse through journalism
What was the purpose of the Sherman Antitrust Act?
To limit trusts and monopolies.
How did mass production change factory output during the Gilded Age?
It increased speed, lowered costs, and produced goods in large numbers.
What was the main goal of labor unions during the Gilded Age?
Better wages, hours, and working conditions.
How did settlement houses help immigrants?
They offered education, food, and social services.
Why was The Jungle influential?
It revealed unsafe food practices and shocked the public
How did Theodore Roosevelt view trusts?
He supported good trusts but broke bad ones.
Why did industrialization lead to rapid urbanization?
Factories created jobs that pulled workers into cities.
Why was the Homestead Strike important in labor history?
It showed the federal government often sided with business
Why was the Chinese Exclusion Act significant?
It was the first law to ban immigration by race
How did the Social Gospel influence reformers?
It taught that faith required helping the poor.
What did the Pure Food and Drug Act aim to protect?
Consumers from unsafe food and medicine.
Why was the United States able to industrialize faster than many European nations?
It had abundant natural resources, railroads, and a large labor supply
How did Social Darwinism justify wealth inequality?
It argued that success proved fitness and failure showed weakness.
How did political machines like Tammany Hall stay in power?
By trading services and jobs for votes
Why did Progressives support initiative, referendum, and recall?
To increase direct democracy and limit corruption
How successful was the Progressive Movement by 1920?
It improved democracy and safety but did not end inequality.