Gases and Liquids
What term describes how much of a specific chemical is in a mixture?
Purity
What is the main site of aerobic respiration in both plant and animal cells?
Mitochondria
What is the law of reflection?
The angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
What are the charges of electrons, protons, and neutrons?
Electrons are negatively charged, protons are positively charged, and neutrons have no charge.
What is the process called when particles of a gas or liquid spread out and mix without being stirred?
Diffusion
What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + Oxygen → Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
What happens to the speed of light when it passes from air into water or glass?
The speed of light decreases, causing it to bend or refract.
What does it mean if a substance is described as 'inert'?
It means the substance is generally unreactive and does not easily participate in chemical reactions.
According to particle theory, what causes pressure in gases and liquids?
The movement and collisions of particles against the walls of the container.
Name three main components of blood and describe their functions
Red blood cells (transport oxygen), white blood cells (protect against pathogens), and plasma (transports nutrients, carbon dioxide, and blood cells)
What is the difference between reflection and refraction?
Reflection is the bouncing back of light from a surface, while refraction is the bending of light as it passes through different mediums.
State the reactivity series in order, using the mnemonic you learned
Potassium, Sodium, Calcium, Magnesium, Aluminium, Zinc, Iron, Lead, Copper, Silver, Gold — using the mnemonic: "Please Send Charlie's Monkeys And Zebras In Lead Cages Securely Guarded."
Describe the difference between a concentrated solution and a dilute solution
A concentrated solution has a large amount of solute relative to the solvent, while a dilute solution has a small amount of solute relative to the solvent.
Describe how oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged between the blood and the air in the lungs.
Oxygen diffuses from the air in the alveoli into the blood, while carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli to be exhaled.
How can white light be split into its component colors?
Name the equipment and process
By passing it through a prism, which disperses the light into a spectrum of colors.
Explain why electrons do not escape from an atom.
Electrons are held in the atom by the electrostatic attraction between the negatively charged electrons and the positively charged protons in the nucleus. This attraction keeps the electrons bound to the atom, preventing them from escaping.
Describe how chromatography can be used to identify the components in a liquid mixture
Give two ideas
Chromatography separates components based on their movement through a medium; different components travel at different rates, allowing for identification.
How is the structure of the human respiratory system adapted for efficient gas exchange?
Give at least two ideas
The lungs have a large surface area, thin walls for quick diffusion, and are surrounded by capillaries for efficient gas exchange.
Describe how colors can be added, subtracted, absorbed, and reflected.
Colors can be added using primary colors (red, green, blue) to make new colors, subtracted by filtering out specific wavelengths, absorbed by materials that take in certain colors, and reflected if the surface does not absorb them.
State the general word equations for the reactions of metal with oxygen, metal with water, and metal with acid.
Metal + Oxygen → Metal Oxide
Metal + Water → Metal Hydroxide + Hydrogen
Metal + Acid → Salt + Hydrogen*