Muscular System
What Muscle fiber would be most beneficial for endurance events E.g Marathon
Slow twitch Type 1 Fibers
List the three categories of joints in the body.
Fibrous, Cartilagnous and Synovial
Which blood vessels carry blood back to the heart, and what feature prevents backflow
Veins, valves prevent backflow
Define tidal volume
Tidal volume is the amount of air being breathed in and out per breath.
Define an acute response to exercise?
An immediate, short-term change in the body during exercise.
Explain reciprocal inhibition
Reciprocal Inhibition = Coordinated relaxing of muscles on one sideof a joint to accommodate contraction on the other side of that joint
Define abduction and adduction, giving one sporting movement for each.
Abduction: Away from midline (Upward phase of a lateral raise) | Adduction: Towards midline (jumping jack down)
Compare the difference between vasodilation and vasoconstriction
Vasodilation: Vessels widen to working muscles | Vasoconstriction: Narrow in non-essential areas
Identify the main parts of the respiratory system that air passes through in order.
Nasal cavity → Pharynx → Larynx → Trachea → Bronchi → Bronchioles → Alveoli
List two acute respiratory responses that occur during exercise
Increased respiratory rate
Increased tidal volume
compare the characteristics of Fast Twitch (Type IIA) and fast-twitch (Type IIb) muscle fibres.
IIa: Fast, powerful, moderate fatigue resistance, aerobic + anaerobic energy systems, suited for sustained high-intensity efforts.
IIb: Very fast, maximal force, fatigue quickly, anaerobic energy dominant, suited for short explosive bursts.
Name two bones from the axial skeleton and two bones from the appendicular skeleton.
Axiel- Skull, Vertebral column and Ribs
Appendicular-Clavicle,Scapula, Arm,Humerus, Radius + ulna,Carpal bone, metacarpal bones, Phalanges, Femur, Tibia, fibula, tarsal bones, metatarsals, Phalanges
Name the four chambers of the heart and their function.
RA: Receives deoxygenated blood | RV: Pumps to lungs | LA: Receives oxygenated blood | LV: Pumps to body
What occurs at the alveoli during gaseous exchange?
O₂ diffuses into blood, CO₂ diffuses out
Define Cardiac Output and give the correct equation
The amount of blood that is ejected from the heart per minute.
Calculated as HR x SV and measured in litres per minute
During the upward phase of a squat, identify the agonist, antagonist, and stabiliser muscles.
Agonist: Quadriceps
Antagonist: Hamstrings
Stabilisers: Core muscles
Which synovial joint allows the greatest range of motion? Provide an example.
Ball and socket (shoulder, hip)
Outline the pathway of blood through the heart and lungs, starting at the right atrium.
Right atrium → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary vein → Left atrium → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body
Explain the mechanics of breathing (Inspiration)
External intercostal muscles contract & internal intercostal muscles relax to lift rib cage up and thediaphragm contracts to become flatter
List three acute cardiovascular responses that occur at the onset of exercise.
Increased heart rate
Increased stroke volume
Increased cardiac output
Name three types of muscular contractions and give one example of each.
Isotonic (concentric): Muscle shortens (e.g., bicep curl upward).
Isotonic (eccentric): Muscle lengthens (e.g., lowering a bicep curl).
Isometric: Muscle produces force without changing length (e.g., plank or wall sit).
Give the names of the 5 sections of the Vertebral column
Cervical, Throacic, Lumbar, Sacrum, Coccyx
Define stroke volume and cardiac output, and explain how they change during exercise.
SV = blood per beat (increases) | Q = HR × SV (increases significantly)
How does redistribution of blood flow support working muscles during exercise?
Blood is directed away from non-essential organs, With vasoconstriction and increased to working muscles by vasodilation for oxygen delivery and waste removal.