🦴 SKELETAL SYSTEM
🫁 RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
❤️ CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
💪 MUSCLES & MOVEMENT
💊 SUPPLEMENTS & DOPING
100

What are the two main types of bone tissue?

  • Compact bone
  • Spongy (cancellous) bone
100

What happens to the diaphragm during inspiration?

  • It contracts and flattens.


100

What is the main function of arteries?

  • Carry blood away from the heart.


100

What movement decreases the angle of a joint?

  • Flexion


100

Name one legal supplement used to enhance athletic performance.

  • Creatine
  • Caffeine
  • Protein powder
  • Sports drinks
200

What are the five functions of the skeletal system?

  • Support
  • Protection
  • Movement
  • Mineral storage
  • Blood cell production
200

What muscles assist breathing between the ribs?

  • Intercostal muscles


200

What is the primary role of capillaries?

  • Exchange of gases, nutrients and wastes.


200

What is the main function of skeletal muscles?

  • To produce movement by pulling on bones.


200

What is one benefit and one side effect of caffeine supplementation?

Benefit:

  • Increased alertness and reduced fatigue.

Side Effect:

  • Insomnia, nervousness or increased heart rate.
300

What type of joint is the elbow?

  • Synovial hinge joint


300

Where does pulmonary diffusion occur?

  • At the alveoli-capillary membrane.


300

Name the four components of blood and describe two functions.

Components:

  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
  • Functions:
    • Red blood cells transport oxygen.
    • White blood cells fight infection.
300

What does an antagonist muscle do?

  • Opposes the action of the agonist and relaxes/lengthens during movement.


300

What are potential harms of creatine supplementation?

  • Water retention
  • Weight gain
  • Muscle cramping
  • Gastrointestinal discomfort
400

What are two features of synovial joints?

  • Synovial fluid
  • Joint capsule
    (also acceptable: articular cartilage, ligaments, synovial membrane)
400

Define ventilation and tidal volume and provide the ventilation formula.

Ventilation:

  • Amount of air breathed per minute.

Tidal Volume:

  • Amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath.

Formula:

Minute Ventilation=Tidal Volume×Respiratory RateMinute\ Ventilation = Tidal\ Volume \times Respiratory\ RateMinute Ventilation=Tidal Volume×Respiratory Rate

400

How does cardiac output increase during exercise?

  • Heart rate increases.
  • Stroke volume increases.

Formula:

Cardiac Output=Heart Rate×Stroke VolumeCardiac\ Output = Heart\ Rate \times Stroke\ VolumeCardiac Output=Heart Rate×Stroke Volume

400

Which contraction occurs when a muscle lengthens under tension?

  • Eccentric contraction


400

Why might EPO improve endurance performance?

  • EPO increases red blood cell production, allowing more oxygen to be transported to working muscles.


500

Describe two functions of the skeletal system and explain how each is applied in the body.

  • Protection: The skull protects the brain from injury.
  • Movement: Bones act as levers for muscles, such as the femur during kicking.
500

Explain gas exchange at the alveoli-capillary interface.

  • Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the capillaries because oxygen concentration is higher in the alveoli.
  • Carbon dioxide diffuses from the blood into the alveoli because carbon dioxide concentration is higher in the blood.
  • This process occurs by diffusion.
500

Explain the flow of blood through the heart, lungs and body.

Body → Vena cava → Right atrium → Tricuspid valve → Right ventricle → Pulmonary artery → Lungs → Pulmonary veins → Left atrium → Bicuspid valve → Left ventricle → Aorta → Body

500

During an AFL leap, explain the roles of agonists and antagonists and identify the coordinated action between them.

  • Agonist: Main muscle causing movement.
  • Antagonist: Opposes the movement.
  • Example: Quadriceps act as agonists for knee extension while hamstrings act as antagonists.
  • This coordinated relationship is called an antagonistic muscle pair. 
500

Explain one ethical issue associated with performance-enhancing drugs.

  • They provide an unfair advantage and violate the principle of fair competition. 
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