Causes of the French Revolution
The French Revolution began in this year.
What is 1789?
The king executed by guillotine in 1793.
Who is Louis XVI?
This long-standing ruling dynasty collapsed during the revolution.
What is the Romanov dynasty
The Bolsheviks withdrew Russia from World War I by signing this treaty with Germany.
What is the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk?
“Peace, land, and bread!” was the slogan of this revolutionary leader.
Who is Vladimir Lenin?
This social structure divided France into three unequal groups.
What is the Three Estates system?
This period (1793–1794) saw mass executions and radicalisation under Robespierre.
What is the Reign of Terror?
Tsarina Alexandra’s close relationship with this mystic damaged the royal family’s reputation during the war.
Who is Rasputin?
This war (1918–1921) broke out between the Reds and the Whites.
What is the Russian Civil War?
Historical Perspective: The October Revolution affirmed the importance of working women [and] created those conditions which will ensure victory for the ‘new woman’ [The independent-minded woman who demands her rights]
Who is Alexandra Kollontai?
This financial crisis was caused by years of war spending and royal extravagance.
What is the national debt (or financial crisis)?
This government replaced the monarchy after 1792.
What is the French Republic?
This event in 1905, where soldiers fired on peaceful protesters, revealed the tsar’s weakness.
What is Bloody Sunday?
Lenin introduced this economic policy to stabilise the country after the war
What is the New Economic Policy (NEP)?
This revolutionary leader declared, “Liberty, equality, fraternity, or death!” and became a key figure during the Reign of Terror.
Who is Maximilien Robespierre?
This Enlightenment philosopher argued that government should protect “life, liberty, and property.”
Who is John Locke?
This leader rose to power at the end of the Revolution and declared himself Emperor.
Who is Napoleon Bonaparte?
The Russian defeat in this 1904–1905 war was a major blow to national pride and revealed the weaknesses of Tsarist leadership.
What is the Russo-Japanese War?
During the Russian Civil War, severe famine led to reports of this shocking social phenomenon, illustrating the extreme human cost of war, revolution, and economic collapse.
What is cannibalism?
Historical Interpretation: "The Communist regime was a monumental failure. It succeeded in one thing only – staying in power"
Who is Richard Pipes?
Historians argue that the Revolution was partly caused by the monarchy’s inability to reform this system, which placed almost all taxes on the Third Estate while the clergy and nobility were largely exempt.
What is the Ancien Régime tax system / inequitable taxation system?
The Revolution spread these key ideas across Europe
What are liberty, equality, and fraternity (or revolutionary ideals)?
This secret police organisation, operating under the Tsar, used surveillance, arrests, and exile to suppress political opposition, but its harsh methods helped fuel revolutionary sentiment.
What is the Okhrana?
In 1923, this economic problem occurred when industrial prices rose while agricultural prices remained low, causing peasants to hoard grain and creating tension between urban and rural sectors.
What is the Scissor Crisis?
Historical Interpretation: 'The Bolsheviks were forced to turn increasingly to terror to subjugate a society they could not control by other means'
Who is Orlando Figes?