French Revolution
What event marked the official start of the French Revolution on July 14, 1789?
Storming of the Bastille
What title did Napoleon Bonaparte take in 1804?
Emperor of the French
Who led the enslaved people of Haiti to independence from France?
Toussaint Louverture
What 19th-century movement sought to unite people with common culture, history, or language under one government?
Nationalism
Which German state led the movement for unification in the 1800s?
Prussia
What document, inspired by Enlightenment ideas, declared the rights of French citizens?
The Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen
What set of laws created by Napoleon reformed French law and influenced other countries?
The Napoleonic Code
What was the major economic reason France wanted to keep control of Haiti?
Sugar plantations were highly profitable
What political ideology that emphasized individual rights, constitutional government, and free markets gained popularity after 1815?
Liberalism
Who was the Prussian prime minister who engineered German unification?
Otto von Bismarck
What radical phase of the Revolution was led by Robespierre and the Committee of Public Safety?
The Reign of Terror
What was the first location where Napoleon was exiled and the second location?
Elba and St. Helena
What inspired both the Haitian and Latin American revolutions?
Enlightenment ideals and other revolutions (e.g., French & American)
Why did most of the 1848 revolutions ultimately fail?
Lack of unity among revolutionaries and strong conservative backlash restored monarchies
What was Bismarck’s famous phrase describing his approach to unification through war and industry?
“Blood and iron”
What was the name of the machine used for executions during the Revolution, symbolizing equality in punishment?
The guillotine
Which European meeting redrew borders and restored monarchies after Napoleon’s defeat?
The Congress of Vienna
What was one major obstacle Latin American countries faced after independence?
Political instability and regional divisions
What were two major causes of the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe?
Economic hardship and demands for political reform (liberalism and nationalism)
What role did nationalism play in the unification of Germany?
It inspired people in the German states to support unification under Prussian leadership
Which revolutionary government replaced the National Convention and marked the end of the Reign of Terror?
The Directory
What was the main goal of the Congress of Vienna?
To restore balance of power and prevent future revolutions
Which social class led many Latin American independence movements, even though they often excluded lower classes from power afterward?
The Creoles (people of European descent born in the Americas)
What were the main goals of the Revolutions of 1848 across Europe?
To create liberal constitutions, expand suffrage, and achieve national self-determination
How did Bismarck use realpolitik to achieve German unification?
He pursued practical, strategic policies to strengthen Prussia and unify Germany, ignoring idealistic goals.