French Revolution Foundations
What were the two main causes of the French Revolution?
Bread Shortages and France's Debt Crisis
Who led the Committee of Public Safety during the Reign of Terror?
Maximilien Robespierre
Who led the enslaved people of Saint-Domingue in their fight for independence?
Toussaint Louverture
What title did Napoleon take after his coup d’état in 1799?
First Consul, later he called himself Emperor
What is Nationalism?
Strong feelings of pride and support toward one’s nation
Which estate made up most of the population but paid the most in taxes?
The Third Estate
According to Robespierre, what was the purpose of using "terror"?
To defend liberty and equality (the revolution) during times of crisis.
What document first proclaimed "slavery is forever abolished"?
The Constitution of Haiti
Name one Enlightenment reform Napoleon made in France.
Education reform, equality before the law, merit-based promotion, or the Napoleonic Code.
Who were the “Soul,” “Brain,” and “Sword” of Italian unification?
Mazzini (Soul), Cavour (Brain), Garibaldi (Sword)
What event marked the symbolic beginning of the French Revolution in 1789?
The Storming of the Bastille
What law allowed arrests of anyone suspected of being an enemy of the revolution?
The Law of Suspects
How did the Haitian Revolution extend Enlightenment ideals beyond Europe?
It applied liberty and equality to formerly enslaved people, leading to the abolishment of slavery.
What was one way Napoleon contradicted Enlightenment ideals?
He censored the press and restricted women’s rights.
What was Bismarck’s famous phrase describing German unification?
“Blood and Iron”
What did the Tennis Court Oath signify about the Third Estate's goals?
The pledged to create a new constitution and limit the kings power.
How did the Law of Suspects and Robespierre's actions break down the ideals of the French Revolution?
It replaced liberty and equality wth fear and suspicion.
To promote unity and reject colonial racial divisions.
What event marked the end of Napoleon’s rule?
His defeat at Waterloo in 1815 and exile to St. Helena
How were Italian and German unifications similar?
Both used nationalism and strong leadership to unite divided states.
According to the Declaration of the Rights of Man, what are the Natural Rights of citizens?
Liberty, Property, Security, and Resistance to Oppression
How did ordinary Parisians describe life during the Reign of Terror?
They lived in fear, distrusting their neighbors, and felt the Revolution had lost its way.
What major contradiction existed between the French Declaration of the Rights of Man and Haitian ideals?
France promised equality but excluded enslaved Africans, while Haiti abolished slavery entirely.
What did the Congress of Vienna do after the collapse of Napoleon's Empire?
It restored monarchies and tried to suppress revolutionary movements to maintain stability.
What event marked the official completion of German unification in 1871?
Proclamation of Kaiser Wilhelm I as Emperor of Germany in Versailles