Social Change
Growing Demands for Liberty and Equality
The Seven Years War
The American Revolution
100
What was the social class of wealthy, educated commoners and nobles called?The Bourgeoisie.
The Bourgeoisie.
100
Which large movement/era of European history led to growing demands for liberty and equality?
The Enlightenment.
100
What was the Seven Years War known as on the North American Conflict?
French and Indian War.
100
What were colonists on either side of the American Revolution called?
★ Loyalists (~20% of total white colonial population) ★ Patriots
200
Explain the relationship between the nobility/clergy and the peasantry.
★ The nobility and clergy (vast minority) enjoyed special privileges: exemption from direct tax, ability to monopolize the economy. ★ The peasantry and poorest urban laborers bore the burden of taxation and were excluded from the world of privilege.
200
What is sovereignty?
★ The idea that people alone have the authority to make laws limiting an individual's freedom of action. ★ In practice: a system of government where people choose their representatives, who are then accountable to the people.
200
What were the main countries involved on both sides in the Seven Years War?
England and Prussia - vs. - French and Austrians. In North America, French colonists (Native American allies) - vs. British colonists (Native American allies).
200
Under which treaty did Britain recognize the independence of the thirteen colonies and ceded all of the subsequent territory to the Americans?
Treaty of Paris (1873)
300
How did Europe's rapid population growth in the 1750s lead to social change?
★ Inflation kept with population growth, making it more difficult to find affordable food and living space. ★ To participate in the new "Consumer Revolution," people worked harder and for longer hours. Women and children entered the workforce → challenging traditional hierarchies and customs of village life.
300
What were some of the demands from "liberals" (supporters of the cause of individual liberty) in the late eighteenth century?
★ "Liberals" demanded... → Freedom to worship according to their own personal beliefs → An end to censorship → Freedom from arbitrary laws and from judges who simply obeyed orders from the government → New (sovereign) government
300
Which 3 continents was the Seven Years War fought on?
North America (inc. Caribbean), Europe (mostly in Prussia), and Asia (India).
300
What was the Tea Act's purpose & how did the colonists respond to it?
★ Purpose: To allow the British East India Company to secure a profitable monopoly on tea trade. (excluded colonial merchants). ★ Colonists Response: The "Tea Party." → Boston men disguised as Native Americans threw the company's tea into harbor.
400
How were race relations in Europe impacted during the late eighteenth century?
★ European colonization. ★ European law accepted that Africans and people of African descent were subject to slavery. ★ "Free people of color" were subject to special laws restricting their personal freedoms.
400
Explain John Locke and Montesquieu's (the two most important Enlightenment references) ideas on liberty.
★ John Locke: Believed that if gov't oversteps its proper functions of protecting citizen's natural rights [life, liberty, and property], it becomes a tyranny and the people should overthrow it. ★ Montesquieu: Believed powerful "intermediary groups" (ex. judicial nobility) offered the best defense of liberty against despotism.
400
Which treaty ended the Seven Years War (and what did it establish)?
The Treaty of Paris (1763). ★ Ratified British victory on all colonial fronts. ★ Canada and all French territory east of the Mississippi River passed to Britain. ★ France gave up its holdings in India, opening the way up to British dominance on the subcontinent.
400
What was added to the U.S. Constitution by virtue of the Anti-Federalists?
★ The first ten amendments to the Constitution [Bill of Rights!]. → Passed in 1791.
500
Synthesize the social change of this era to that of similar circumstances in a different era. Same in kind, different in time.
★ Rising rich-poor gap. ★ Contradiction between Enlightenment ideals of liberty and equality while simultaneously enslaving and colonizing people. ★ Increase of women and children in the workforce.
500
Through the eyes of late eighteenth century "liberals," have we achieved liberty and equality today [in the United States]? Through your eyes, have we achieved liberty and equality today [in the United States]?
Opinion - Limitations to late eighteenth century ideals of liberty and equality included: ★ Distinctions between men and women. ★ Never believed that everyone should be economically or racially equal.
500
What were the results of the Seven Years War?
★ Britain became the leading European power in both trade and empire. ★ France emerged from the conflict humiliated and broke... ( → a cause of the imminent French Revolution). ★ Both British and French gov'ts had to dramatically raise taxes to repay war loans. ( → raised a storm of protest and demands for fundamental reform). ★ The seeds were sown of revolutionary conflict in the Atlantic world. ( → such crises opened the door for radical action; "Desperate times call for desperate measures"). ★ Britain prohibited its colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.
500
Synthesize the participation of women in the American Revolution. Same in kind, different in time.
★ Women were essential participants in boycotts of British goods. ★ At the outbreak of war, women raised funds for the continental army and took care of homesteads, work shops, and other businesses while men went off to fight.
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