Chapter 1
Describe the differences between primary and secondary rhetoric.
Primary rhetoric is oral, civic, and persuasive speech that's being delivered for a specific purpose as it is happening. In secondary rhetoric, the speech isn't central anymore; it's replaced by a text, that can be read by any audience for any purpose and that has the features of persuasive speech.
What is the original definition of a Trope?
What did medieval rhetoric see a shift in?
Medieval rhetoric saw a major shift in the common purpose of rhetoric from political to religious.
What are Aristotle's Three Pillars of Rhetoric? And what do they mean?
Ethos: “Depends on the personal character of the speaker…” An appeal based on the credibility of the speaker which can be based upon a number of factors including:
Pathos: “Putting the audience into a certain frame of mind…” An appeal to the audience based on emotion which can be tapped into with:
Logos: “On the proof, or apparent proof, provided by the words of speech itself…” An appeal based on the logic of the argument. Things to strengthen the logos of your argument:
What are the parts of oratory according to Ramus?
Reason = dialectic
Speech = grammar and rhetoric
Grammar
Etymology (nature, scope, meaning), syntax (sentence structure), and prosody (pattern and rhythm) to speak correctly
Orthography (spelling) to write correctly
Rhetoric
Tropes and figures
Dignified delivery
Describe deliberate and epideictic rhetoric.
Deliberative rhetoric – Rhetoric that attempts to persuade the audience to take a particular course of action.
Epideictic rhetoric – In Greek, “epideictic” means “fit for display.” Ceremonial rhetoric, also known as “praise-and-blame” rhetoric. It occurs at special occasions – wedding toasts, award ceremonies, funerals.
Let's practice!!
Team 1 you have two minutes to come up with a persuasive speech. You’ll preform it for Team two who will vote and give you a score. Team 2 you have two minutes to come up with a wedding toast or a eulogy. You’ll preform it for Team 1 and they’ll give you a score.
What is the current definition of a trope?
During this time many Greek and Roman rhetoricians were denounced. Who did the Christian leaders now denounce?
Cicero!
What did Aristotle say were the three divisions of oratory?
Three divisions of oratory
Political: Urges people to do something
Forensic: Attacks or defends someone
Ceremonial: Praises or censures someone
What was the argument brought up in Castiglione, "The Book of the Courtier"?
Which art is better: sculptures or paintings?
What is the answer?
What is a syllogism and how does it relate to enthymeme?
Syllogism – argument with a major premise, minor premise, and a conclusion
Enthymeme – a syllogism where the major premise is left unstated
What are the four main tropes?
Metaphor
Synecdoche
Metonymy
Irony
Practice!
Team 1 look up the definition of Synecdoche and come up with your own example to share with the class. Team 2 look up the definition of Metonymy and come up with your own example to share with the class.
What are the two big H-words from Medieval rhetoric?
Hermeneutics
Homilectics
Why did Aristotle say Rhetoric was useful?
Rhetoric is useful because...
What were Quintilian's 5 parts of rhetoric?
Invention
Arrangement
Memory
Delivery
Style
What are the three parts of a persuasive speech?
Proemium (exordium) opening words of a speech; usually used to ingratiate oneself to the audience
Narration (narratio) The narration or explanation of facts
Proposition What the speaker proposes to do; what he or she is trying to persuade the audience to do
What do lexicon and semantic mean?
Lexicon: Vocabulary
Semantic: refers to meaning
What are the definitions for Hermeneutics and Homilectics?
What did Socrates believe about writing?
Socrates saw writing as something to look pretty, and that writing gave the impression that one knows what they are talking about.
Can you summarize “The Ontological Argument” by Saint Anselm?
Anselm defined God as "that than which nothing greater can be thought", and argued that this being must exist in the mind, even in the mind of the person who denies the existence of God.
What is term for: a shift in focus from primary to secondary rhetoric?
Letteraturizzazione
What should metaphors in rhetoric do?
Who was the Greek Rhetorician known as "the Polisher"?
Hermogenes of Tarsus was a Greek rhetorician known as “The Polisher."
What were the three levels of style introduced in St. Augustine's "On Christian Doctrine"?
Subdued Style
Temperate Style
Majestic Style
What has been your favorite piece of reading (or the most helpful/information piece of reading) so far, and why?
N/A