Logical Fallacies
Logical Fallacies II
ORGANIZATION
RHETORICAL DEVICES
MORE RDS
100
This fallacy is committed when someone manipulates peoples' _________ in order to get them to accept a claim as being true. More formally, this sort of "reasoning" involves the substitution of various means of producing strong ________ in place of evidence for a claim.
What is EMOTIONAL APPEAL?
100
This is in a general category of fallacies in which a claim or argument is rejected on the basis of some irrelevant fact about the author of or the person presenting the claim or argument.
What is AD HOMINEM?
100
Is recurrent syntactical similarity
What is PARALLELISM?
100
Includes several similar rhetorical devices, all involving a grammatically correct linkage (or yoking together) of two or more parts of speech by another part of speech
What is ZEUGMA?
100
I love her eyes, her hair, her nose, her cheeks, her lips [etc.].
What is ENUMERATIO? Detailing parts, causes, effects, or consequences to make a point more forcibly
200
The food at Pappie’s Restaurant is awful. I had a sandwich there once, and the bread was stale.
What is a HASTY GENERALIZATION? This fallacy is committed when a person draws a conclusion about a population based on a sample that is not large enough.
200
This fallacy is committed when the person in question is not a legitimate authority on the subject.
What is ARGUMENT FROM AUTHORITY?
200
Might be called "reverse parallelism," since the second part of a grammatical construction is balanced or paralleled by the first part, only in reverse order.
What is CHIASMUS?
200
Yoda talk
What is HYPERBATON? Includes several rhetorical devices involving departure from normal word order. One device, a form of inversion, might be called delayed epithet, since the adjective follows the noun.
200
He showed a rather simple taste, a taste for good art, good food, and good friends.
What is AMPLIFICATION? Involves repeating a word or expression while adding more detail to it, in order to emphasize what might otherwise be passed over. In other words, amplification allows you to call attention to, emphasize, and expand a word or idea to make sure the reader realizes its importance or centrality in the discussion.
300
There are too many guns on the streets because our politicians are controlled by the National Rifle Association and other gun nuts. We don’t want the NRA telling us what to do. (a) Red Herring (b) Weak Analogy (c) Cum Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (d) Post Hoc, Ergo Propter Hoc (e) Loaded Question
What is A RED HERRING? The name of this fallacy comes from the sport of fox hunting in which a dried, smoked herring, which is red in color, is dragged across the trail of the fox to throw the hounds off the scent. Thus, a "red herring" argument is one which distracts the audience from the issue in question through the introduction of some irrelevancy.
300
Which of the following is NOT a loaded question? (a) How long has France been an evil country? (b) Has grass always been green? (c) Where does Santa Claus really live? (d) When will there be justice in Tibet? (e) When have you ever not cheated in school?
What is B, HAS GRASS ALWAYS BEEN GREEN? LOADED QUESTION - A QUESTION WITH A FALSE, DISPUTED, OR QUESTION-BEGGING PRESUPPOSITION.
300
IS the repetition of a preceding word, but it repeats a key word (not just the last word) from a preceding phrase, clause, or sentence, at the beginning of the next.
What is CONDUPLICATIO?
300
Is pleasing and harmonious sound
What is EUPHONY?
300
(side by side) juxtaposition of clauses or phrases without the use of coordinating or subordinating conjunctions. “It was cold; the snows came.” "The starfish went into dry-dock, it got a barnacle treatment, it went back to work."
What is PARATAXIS? Also ASYNDETON: the deliberate omission of conjunctions between single words or phrases or a series of related clauses.
400
A watch is a mechanism of exquisite complexity with numerous parts precisely arranged and accurately adjusted to achieve a purpose—a purpose imposed by the watch’s designer. Likewise, the universe has exquisite complexity with countless parts—from atoms to asteroids—that fit together precisely and accurately to produce certain effects as though arranged by plan. Therefore the universe must also have a designer. (a) Ad Hominem (b) Argument from Authority (c) Hasty Generalization (d) Weak Analogy (e) No fallacy
What is WEAK ANALOGY? An argument by analogy is only as strong as the comparison on which it rests. The weak analogy fallacy (or “false analogy”, or “questionable analogy”) is committed when the comparison is not strong enough.
400
A freshman flute player in the marching band has a crush on a senior trumpeter. Whenever she wears a blue sweater, the trumpeter speaks to her as they walk out to the practice field. The freshman believes that the senior speaks to her because she is wearing her lucky blue sweater. This is an example of non causa pro causa (false cause or questionable cause.) (a) true (b) false
What is A, TRUE. NON CAUSA PRO CAUSA IS INFERRING THAT SOMETHING IS THE CAUSE OF SOMETHING ELSE WHEN IT ISN'T.
400
Every time I try to think of a good rhetorical example, I rack my brains but--you guessed--nothing happens.
What is PARENTHESIS? A final form of hyperbaton, consists of a word, phrase, or whole sentence inserted as an aside in the middle of another sentence:
400
That sword was not useless to the warrior now.” (Beowolf)
What is LITOTES? a particular form of understatement, is generated by denying the opposite or contrary of the word which otherwise would be used.
400
“In the course of the past several days, it has come to my attention that some certain members of the soon-to-be-graduating class have been behaving in what can only be described as an unseemly manner."
What is PERIPHRASIS? Or more commonly circumlocution, is what you do when you're ' beating around the bush'
500
At the beginning of the new band season, a group of sophomore boys decides to chat up the incoming freshman girls. During the first week of band practice, the freshman girls wear blue band T-shirts every day, and each sophomore boy speaks to at least two new girls per day. Clearly, the new blue band T-shirts are responsible for a spike in social behavior by the sophomore boys. This is an example of:
What is POST HOC, ERGO PROPTER HOC (AFTER THIS, BECAUSE OF THIS) "After this, therefore because of this." This fallacy is committed when it is concluded that one event causes another simply because the proposed cause occurred before the proposed effect.
500
President Clinton has great economic policies; just look at how well the economy is doing while he's in office!
What is CUM HOC ERGO PROPTER HOC (WITH THIS, THEREFORE BECAUSE OF THIS) This is the familiar fallacy of mistaking correlation for causation -- i.e., thinking that because two things occur simultaneously, one must be a cause of the other.
500
We have to this point been examining the proposal advanced by Smervits only in regard to its legal practicability; but next we need to consider the effect it would have in retarding research and development work in private laboratories.
What is METABASIS? Consists of a brief statement of what has been said and what will follow.
500
True, he always forgets my birthday, but he buys me presents all year round.
What is ANTANAGOGE? Placing a good point or benefit next to a fault criticism, or problem in order to reduce the impact or significance of the negative point
500
I am not sure whether to side with those who say that higher taxes reduce inflation or with those who say that higher taxes increase inflation.
What is APORIA? Expresses doubt about an idea or conclusion.
M
e
n
u