Appeals
An appeal to shared ethics or values
Ethos
Insulting the person, not the idea
Ad hominem
A claim that asserts testable premises
Claim of fact
What links the evidence and the claim, and what establishes authority
Warrant
The repetition of the first part of a sentence. "I have a dream."
Anaphora
An appeal to emotion
Pathos
A pure dependance on the status of a source
Appeal to authority
A claim that asserts a plan of action
A warrant based on the credibility of the source
Authoritative Warrant
The repetition of the last part of a sentence. "I'll be there. Rain or shine, I'll be there."
Epistrophe
An appeal to the popularity of an idea
Appeal to the bandwagon
Claim of value
Comparison Warrant
Sentence construction which places equal grammatical constructions near each other, or repeats identical grammatical patterns. “Cinderella swept the floor, dusted the mantle, and beat the rugs.”
Parallelism
An appeal to the reader's need for relief
Comic relief
The focal point of an argument, or its main idea
Thesis
A brief recounting of a relevant episode
Anecdote
When the same words are used twice in succession, but the second time, the order of the words is reversed. “Fair is foul and foul is fair.”
Chiasmus
An appeal to the reader's desire for action
Motivational appeal
Hasty generalization
An idea that contradicts and balances the main idea
Counter-argument
The comparison of two or more ideas to illustrate an argument
Analogy
Two opposite or contrasting words, phrases, or clauses, or even ideas, with parallel structure. “It was the best of times, it was the worst of times”