PASSIVE FORMATION
Passive of “They are building a bridge.”
A bridge is being built.
Passive gerund of “They hate people criticising them.”
They hate being criticised.
Passive reporting of “People say he is rich.”
He is said to be rich.
Define transitive verb.
Verb that takes a direct object.
Causative passive — “I cut my hair (by a hairdresser).”
I had my hair cut.
Passive of “Someone has stolen my phone.”
My phone has been stolen.
Passive infinitive of “She wants them to invite her.”
She wants to be invited.
Passive reporting of “They believe she left.”
She is believed to have left.
Define intransitive verb.
Verb without direct object.
Difference — "have" vs "get" in causative.
Get = more informal / unexpected.
Have = formal.
Passive of “They will announce the results.”
The results will be announced.
Modal passive of “They must finish the report.”
The report must be finished.
Formal alternative to “People think the company is failing.”
The company is thought to be failing.
Which one of these verbs can form passive?
Only transitive verbs.
“She repaired the car” → causative passive.
She had the car repaired.
When is agent omitted in passive?
When unknown, obvious, or irrelevant.
Modal perfect passive of “They should have informed us.”
We should have been informed.
Structure — “It is reported that…” type.
Introductory passive reporting clause.
Can “arrive” form passive? Why?
No, it's intransitive and there's no object.
When avoid passive?
When agent is important or clarity needed.
Structure of passive voice.
Form of be + past participle.
Function of passive infinitive.
Focus on receiver of action, not doer.
Why do we use reporting passive?
Formal tone, avoids naming source.
Identify transitive verb — “discuss, sleep, happen”.
Discuss.
Purpose of passive causative.
Show action done by another person for subject.