Rivers
What is the lag time as seen in a storm hydrograph? What can influence lag time?
Lag time - the period between maximum precipitation and peak discharge
-infiltration rates, rock type, slope of land, amt. of precipitation
What is the difference between wave frequency and wave length?
Number of waves generated per minute vs. the distance between each wave
State 4 conditions necessary for coral reef formation.
3.5% salinity, clean water, moderate wave action, 25-28oC, sunlight, oxygen, shallow water
What is the water balance equation?
P = Q + E ± change in storage
where:
P = precipitation
Q = runoff
E = evapotranspiration
What is the largest country in the world based on land mass?
Russia
State 3 factors affecting the storm hydrograph
Basin size, shape, relief, precipitation, temperature, land use, rock type, soil type, drainage density, tides/storm surges
notch, cave, arch.
hydraulic action & abrasion
Human influence, pollution, tourism, industry, dynamite fishing, trawling
What is the formula for calculating the discharge of a river?
Q = A x V
where:
Q = discharge
A = cross sectional area
V = velocity
What does the D.C. in Washington D.C. stand for?
Democratic Capital
What is the river regime?
The annual variation in discharge. The average regime is determined by the climate of the area, together with the rates of evapotranspiration and snowmelt.
What is the difference between Eustatic change and Isostatic change?
Eustatic change is when the sea level changes due to an alteration in the volume of water in the oceans or, alternatively, a change in the shape of an ocean basin and hence a change in the amount of water the sea can hold. Eustatic change is always a global effect.
Isostatic sea level change is the result of an increase or decrease in the height of the land. When the height of the land increases, the sea level falls and when the height of the land decreases the sea level rises. Isostatic change is a local sea level change.
Provide 3-4 solutions for protecting coral reefs.
Fines, seasonal fishing, marine zoning, laws
How do you calculate the hydraulic radius of a river?
Area of river / wetted perimeter
What is the capital of South Korea?
Seoul
This drainage pattern form where new rivers form on a single slope and the water flows straight down following the common gradient.
Parallel
Describe the formation of a Fjord.
Steep-walled fiords are created from submerged glacial troughs rather than from submerged stream valleys, as in the case of ria coasts. They have a u-shaped cross profile and are often found in particularly icy sections of the world. They’re flooded steep sided glacial valleys. In general, fjords are really deep however they have a shallow mouth (known as a threshold) as this is where the glacier deposited its load.
Which scientist theorized that "fringing reefs, barrier reefs and atolls are successive stages of coral reef development"?
Darwin
How do you calculate the bifurcation ratio?
Add the number of 1st, 2nd, 3rd, etc order streams.
Then divide the number of first order vstreams by the number of second order streams , then divide the number of second order streams by the number of third order streams, and so on.
Then, add together the results and divide by the total sets of values calculated
What currency is used in Hong Kong?
Hong Kong Dollar
Which drainage pattern conforms to a structural weakness in the rock, forming a concentric ring-shape pattern.
Annular
Describe the formation of a Ria coastline.
(Hint: type of change, formation, appearance)
This is a river valley that’s been flooded by the eustatic rise in sea level. They’re almost exactly like a typical river valley but they have even more water in them. The cross section of a ria is really similar to the one you’d find for a river in the lower course. The floodplain of the river also gets flooded, altering the cross profile of a ria ever so slightly so that it includes the floodplain.
What are 2 criticisms for Daly's coral reef formation theory?
1. According to this theory, the depth of all atoll lagoons and barrier reefs should be uniform but observations do not validate this.
2. Coasts may have been cliffed due to wave erosion when the sea-level lowered during the Ice Age. As such, cliffs formed during the glacial period would also be present now but they are seldom found. Corals may have actually protect the coast during this time.
3. Of all marine islands were eroded up to 33-38 fathoms, then there would not be islands between the coasts and coral reefs but many of these islands can be found.
What is the drainage basin discharge/water budget equation?
Drainage Basin Discharge = precipitation - evapotranspiration ± changes in storage
Which country has experienced the most hurricanes/typhoons?
China