Political & Governance
Who was the highest Spanish official in the Philippines?
Governor-General; Spanish Governor-General; highest Spanish official
What doctrine judged people based on ancestry and race?
Limpieza de Sangre; Doctrine of Purity of Blood; Purity of Blood doctrine
What trade route connected Manila, Mexico, and China?
Galleon Trade; Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade; Spanish Galleon Trade
Who controlled Philippine schools during Spanish rule?
Friars; Spanish priests; Catholic religious orders; religious leaders
What Spanish law-making body passed laws affecting the Philippines?
Cortes; Spanish Parliament; Spain’s parliament
Who were the Ilustrados?
Educated Filipinos; Filipinos who were educated; upper-class Filipino scholars; Filipino intellectuals
What was the purpose of Reducción?
Relocate natives near churches; easier conversion to Christianity; easier tax collection; stronger Spanish control over population
What was the main focus of education under friars?
Religion; religious instruction; obedience; memorization; not critical thinking; loyalty to church
Name one abuse done by Alcalde-Mayores.
Buying and selling products for profit; punishing critics unfairly; appointing relatives; selling offices; exploiting Filipinos.
What were the social classes in the Philippines?
Peninsulares, Insulares, Creoles/Mestizos, Ilustrados, Principalia, Indios, Negros y Mulatos; Spanish-born, Philippine-born Spaniards, mixed-blood, educated Filipinos, local elite, natives, lowest class; all rigid social classes
What was Bandala?
Forced sale of farm products; selling at fixed prices; payment with promissory notes; government-mandated purchase; exploitation of farmers
What reforms did the 1863 Educational Decree promise?
Free primary education; education for all children; public education; universal education;
Why did frequent changes in Spain’s government affect the Philippines?
Policies changed frequently; governors changed often; reforms were interrupted; inconsistent governance; slow development
How did racial discrimination affect Filipino opportunities?
Limited education; limited government positions; unfair justice; restricted employment; treated as inferior
How did the opening of the Suez Canal affect Philippine trade?
Shortened travel time; increased exports; trade with Europe easier; wealthy landowners benefited; farmers remained poor; faster connection to international markets
What was the Propaganda Movement?
Peaceful reform movement; writings and journalism for reforms; education-focused reforms; demand for equality and human rights; movement led by Rizal and other reformists
Explain how lack of Filipino representation in the Cortes affected governance.
Filipinos could not participate in law-making; laws favored Spaniards; abuses could not be reported; lack of political voice; led to unrest or rebellion
Give an example of discrimination Rizal experienced as a child.
Denied literary prize; whipped by Guardia Civil; treated unfairly because he was an indio; ignored complaints; punished for minor mistakes
Give an example of economic abuse by friars or officials.
Increased rent unfairly; harassed farmers; forced compliance; exploited tenants;
How did Rizal’s personal experiences shape his nationalism?
Family suffered from friar abuse; inspired writings; opposed injustice; personal exposure to oppression; motivated fight for equality