injected mice with bacterial cells which led to transformation
Who is Griffith?
100
change in genetic sequence that affects what protein is made
What is a mutation?
200
single stranded
What is its structure?
200
the synthesis of a polypeptide from mRNA
What is translation?
200
1. carries genetic information from one generation to the next
2. source of information for protein synthesis
3. easily copied for the purpose of cellular respiration
What are the functions of DNA?
200
proved that DNA was what caused the transformation in Griffith's experiment
Who is Avery?
200
gene that tells the developing embryo how to take the shape of an animal. if it is messed up the baby could have serious birth defects
What is a hox gene?
300
messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, and transfer RNA
What are the three types of RNA?
300
mRNA is made by making a copy of specific DNA sequences, the sequences of DNA make a complementary RNA strand with the help of enzymes
What is the process of transcription?
300
adenine
guanine
cytosine
thymine
What are the base pairs of DNA?
300
used radioactive markers to determine that genetic information was passed on by DNA and not proteins
Who were Hershey and Chase?
300
change in a single gene at the DNA or RNA level.
1. substitution: one nucleotide changed for another which causes the amino acid to be different
2. frameshift: one nucleotide inserted/ taken out which also might cause the amino acid to be different
What is a point mutation?
400
cytosine, adenine, guanine, and uracil
What are the base pairs?
400
codons determine the sequence of the amino acids. the ribosome then reads mRNA codons and tRNA helps add the right amino acid to the polypeptide by hydrogen bonding with the codon
What is the process of translation?
400
it is made up of a long chain of nucleotides
with a nitrogenous base
5-carbon sugar
and a phosphate group
What is DNA made up of?
400
used Rosalind Franklin's crystallography, Chargaff's rule, and hydrogen bonding to create the double helix model
Who were Watson and Crick?
400
1. deletion: piece of DNA deleted
2. duplication: chromosome doubled
3. inversion: chromosome flip-flopped
4. translocation: chromosome flipped into wrong place
What is chromosomal mutations?
500
THIS IS PART OF "DNA"
there are four levels.
1. to wrap DNA around histones
2. histones and DNA form bead like structures called nucleosomes
3. nucleosomes fold and pack on top of one another to form thick fiber called chromatin fiber
4. chromatin fiber loops and folds to shorten itself
What is DNA packaging?
500
always a mixture of a pyrimidine and a purine. there are two bonds with adenine and thymine. there are three bonds with cytosine and guanine.
What is base pairing?
500
the scientist not given credited for his or her work in the advance of the discovery of the double helix model