Reforms
This religious revival in the 1820s and 1830s emphasized "perfectionism" and fueled most 19th-century reform movements.
2nd Great Awakening
This phrase, coined by John O’Sullivan, described the "God-given right" of the U.S. to occupy all land between the Atlantic and Pacific.
Manifest Destiny
This 1850 law required Northern citizens to act as "sheriffs" by turning in anyone they knew to be a runaway slave.
Fugitive Slave Law
This former slave’s autobiography and 1852 Independence Day address became powerful arguments for the "equal citizenship" of Black Americans.
Frederick Douglass
Abraham Lincoln won the 1860 election with 40% of the popular vote, despite appearing on zero ballots in this many states.
9
This celibate utopian group was famous for its furniture and peaked at over 6,000 members before dwindling to just three today.
Shakers
Before joining the Union in 1845, Texas was an independent nation known by this name.
Lone Star Republic
This act repealed the Missouri Compromise by letting (white) residents decide on slavery through "popular sovereignty."
Kansas-Nebraska Act
This radical abolitionist published The Liberator and once burned the Constitution, calling it a "pact with the devil."
William Lloyd Garrison
This state was the first to secede from the Union, following the "last straw" of Lincoln's election victory.
South Carolina
For 19th-century reformers, this concept was defined as an "internal phenomenon" of self-discipline and self-control rather than the absence of restraint.
Freedom
Henry David Thoreau was jailed for refusing to pay taxes to protest this war, which he felt expanded executive power "at pleasure."
Mexican-American War
This constitutional provision counted 60% of the slave population for representation, giving the South outsized influence in the House.
3/5ths Compromise
Her 1852 novel Uncle Tom’s Cabin was so influential in radicalizing Northern opinion that it was widely banned in the South.
Harriet Beecher Stowe
By the time of Lincoln’s inauguration in March 1861, this many states had already seceded.
7
Championed by Horace Mann, these were state-funded, compulsory schools designed to give all children a common moral character.
Common Schools
The 1848 discovery of gold in California led to a massive influx of 25,000 immigrants from this nation to work in mines and railroads.
This conspiracy theory held that a secret cabal of pro-slavery congressmen was working to expand the institution across the nation.
Slave Power
This "antislavery zealot" murdered a pro-slavery family in Kansas before leading a disastrous raid on Harpers Ferry.
John Brown
This Chief Justice ruled that Black people were not citizens and that the Missouri Compromise’s ban on slavery was unconstitutional.
Justice Roger Taney
This religious group believed Jesus came to America- they began in New York and fled westward to Utah
Mormons
This 1848 treaty confirmed the annexation of Texas and ceded California to the United States for $15 million.
The 1820 agreement that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, while drawing a line at 36˚30’ for future territories.
Missouri Compromise
In 1856, this South Carolina Representative viciously beat Senator Charles Sumner with a cane on the Senate floor.
Preston Brooks
The Civil War officially began on April 12, 1861, when Southern troops fired on this garrison in Charleston harbor.
Fort Sumter