Normal Bone Morphogenesis
This is the process where mesenchymal cells directly form bone, as seen in the skull.
What is intramembranous ossification?
Mutations in this gene lead to defective collagen type I in OI.
What are COL1A1 or COL1A2?
The most common diagnostic imaging tool used to identify fractures in OI.
What is an X-ray?
This congenital disorder results in short stature due to FGFR3 mutation.
What is achondroplasia?
Fentanyl primarily acts on this opioid receptor subtype.
What is the mu-opioid receptor?
This ossification type involves a cartilage template that is later replaced by bone.
What is endochondral ossification?
The most common inheritance pattern of OI is this.
What is autosomal dominant?
This type of physician-ordered test can confirm the genetic mutation for OI.
What is genetic testing?
In osteopetrosis, this bone cell is defective, causing dense but brittle bones.
What is the osteoclast?
By opening potassium channels and reducing calcium influx, fentanyl causes this effect on neurons.
What is neuronal hyperpolarization?
This protein provides the structural framework for bone strength and is defective in OI.
What is collagen type I?
This physical finding, often seen in the sclera, gives OI its classic appearance.
What are blue sclerae?
This class of drugs decreases osteoclast activity and is used in OI treatment.
What are bisphosphonates?
This vitamin deficiency leads to soft bones in rickets.
What is vitamin D?
This is the most dangerous side effect of fentanyl, especially in overdose.
What is respiratory depression?
These two cell types work together to remodel bone: one builds, the other resorbs.
What are osteoblasts and osteoclasts?
Defective collagen causes bones to be described using this fragile descriptor.
What is brittle?
Surgical placement of these rods into long bones helps reduce fracture risk.
What are intramedullary rods?
Children with achondroplasia typically have shortened limbs but this part of the body is disproportionately large.
What is the head?
Fentanyl is often administered in this form for patients with chronic cancer pain.
What is a transdermal patch?
This structure allows bones to lengthen during childhood and adolescence.
What is the epiphyseal plate (growth plate)?
In addition to fractures, OI patients may develop this sensory impairment in adulthood.
What is hearing loss?
In addition to orthopedic care, patients with OI often require these two supportive specialties.
What are audiology and dentistry?
Nerve compression, blindness, or deafness can result from narrowed foramina in this bone disorder.
What is osteopetrosis?
These two phenomena describe the need for higher doses over time and withdrawal symptoms when stopping fentanyl.
What are tolerance and dependence?