Roman Republic/Empire
Name the peninsula that the City of Rome sits on
Italian Peninsula
True or False: Nero was a cruel and often unreasonable Emperor
True
When the Roman empire split in two, which half became the Byzantine empire: the Western or Eastern?
Eastern
What were early Christian leaders called?
Apostles
Describe the difference between the Roman republic and the Roman empire
The Roman Republic was run by elected leaders and shared power, so citizens had a say in government.
The Roman Empire was ruled by emperors who held most of the power.
Over time, Rome changed from a republic to an empire as leaders took more control.
What happened in Rome after the END of Pax Romana?
Citizens lost traditional values, corruption increased in government, education declined, slavery grew
How did Justinian impact art in the Byzantine Empire?
Creation of mosaics honoring saints and emperors
Why was Christianity appealing to many Romans?
It offered hope to people who felt powerless, promised a life after death, created a caring community that helped the poor
Describe the Carthanigian invasion of Rome during the Second Punic War
In 218 B.C., Hannibal executed a invasion of Italy, crossing the Alps with approximately 37 war elephants alongside 70,000 troops
As the Roman empire faced economic decline, the government began producing more coins that contained less gold and silver. What was the outcome of this decision?
Inflation -- the value of currency decreased, causing merchants to raise prices to make up the difference
How did Justinian impact architecture in the Byzantine Empire?
Building the Hagia Sophia and decorating it with marble, gold, and silver
Creating marketplaces to improve trade and commerce
Constructing churches throughout the empire
Provide evidence to prove that Constantine was a strong supporter of Christianity
Attended religious meetings with Christian leaders and collaborated with them on government matters
Allowed Christians to serve in government and offered them tax exemptions
Built Christian churches in Rome and Jerusalem
Issued the Edict of Milan in AD 313 allowing all religions to be practiced freely (Including Christianity)
How did the Roman family change over time?
Families become smaller, divorce increases, fathers lose some power, women gain more rights
Changing social values
List at least three ways Roman Legacies still impact the modern world
-Use of concrete in building structures
-Architectural techniques like vaults and arches
-Works of Roman writers (Livy, Horace, Virgil)
-Latin Language and its influence on modern languages, legal terms, science
-Republican form of government
-American legal system and "innocent until proven guilty"
-Growth and spread of Christianity
How did Justinian impact education in the Byzantine Empire?
Ensured that boys were educated in religion, law, medicine, and other subjects
Explain why the Eastern and Western Church formally split
Leaders in each church disagreed over the Pope's authority, the use of religious images, and political conflicts leading to mutual excommunications
Which leader was responsible for creating Pax Romana? How did he do it?
Augustus
Strong Army: Protected borders and the emperor
Better Government: Honest taxes, efficient governors, fair laws
Economic & Social Stability: Built roads and public works, fed the poor
Smart Leadership: Reduced conflict, kept people loyal
Describe how the Roman road system helped the spread of Christianity
Allowed the early Christians to travel through the empire safely and share their ideas
Summarize the lasting historical impact of the Byzantine empire on Western Civilization
It preserved Greco-Roman (Greek and Roman) heritage through the Justinian Code (laws) and artistic traditions while serving as a bridge for the spread of Christianity
Lasting: art, architecture, education
How were the beliefs of Jews and Christians similar and different?
Both believed in one God and accepted the Hebrew Bible, but Christians also believed in the Trinity and accepted the New Testament.