Teamwork
The four stages of team development.
What are forming, storming, norming, and performing?
The degree of change that results when providing a “Band-Aid” solution to a social problem.
What is first-order social change?
The process of making waste into higher value products.
What is upcycling?
The three factors that constrain project quality.
What are scope, schedule, and cost/resources?
This Nobel-laureate physicist said: “If I had only 1 hour to save the world, I would spend 55 minutes defining the problem, and only 5 minutes finding the solution.”
Who is Albert Einstein?
A cognitive bias in which people place a disproportionately high value on things they had a hand in creating.
What is the IKEA effect?
This water-pumping device failed in many communities because the designers did not consider the cultural context, particularly sexual taboos.
What is the treadle pump?
Ryan still owns one of these from the 1990s because it reminds him of fun memories—an example of how to extend the use phase of a product.
What is a Nintendo 64 (N64)?
A person or group that has an interest in, or influence over, a project.
What is a stakeholder?
A semi-fictional character who embodies a representative user group.
What is a persona (or composite character profile)?
When members do not put in their fair share of work assuming that others will cover their shortfall.
What is the free-rider effect?
These two Scottish men played a large role in sparking the Industrial Revolution by introducing the steam engine and the market economy.
Who are James Watt and Adam Smith?
A usability design principle that states: Ensure there is a match between the system and the real world.
What is natural mapping?
The designers of Boston’s “Big Dig” fell victim to this cognitive bias—underestimating the effort and overestimating the benefits.
What is the planning fallacy?
Revelations about the causes, barriers, and impacts related to a need or problem.
What are insights?
When a desire for harmony or conformity in a group results in irrational or dysfunctional decision-making.
What is groupthink?
An equitable distribution of opportunities and resources in order to enhance human capabilities while reducing imposed risks and harms among the citizens of a society.
What is social justice?
The policy of designing products that rapidly become obsolete.
What is planned obsolescence?
A cognitive bias stating that a task always takes longer than you expect, even when you try to take this knowledge into account.
What is Hofstadter’s Law?
Precise, measurable design targets that define an internal basis for measuring success and resolving tradeoffs.
What are design requirements?
The tendency to explain someone’s behavior based on internal factors, such as personality or disposition, and to underestimate the influence of external factors.
What is the fundamental attribution error?
Factors include a focus on closed-ended problems, a belief that the technical and social dimensions of a problem should be separated, and a perception of scientists and engineers as “experts”.
What is the dominant science and engineering mindset?
The unexpected tendency for improved efficiency of resource usage to increase consumption due to increasing demand.
What is the Jevons Paradox?
The five characteristics of SMART objectives.
What are Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Relevant, and Time-bound?
A measurement to assess performance against a criterion.
What is a metric?