Specialized GI Cells
What are chief cells (or peptic cells)?
Chief cells are primarily located in the basal regions of gastric glands and release pepsinogen via exocytosis.
What is the pharyngeal phase?
During this rapid, involuntary reflex, the soft palate elevates to block the nasopharynx and the epiglottis covers the glottis.
What is an upper endoscopy (or EGD / Esophagogastroduodenoscopy)?
Endoscopy allows clinicians to view tissue directly, take biopsy samples, and treat localized bleeding.
What are enterocytes?
Enterocytes express brush border enzymes and transport proteins essential for nutrient uptake.
What is the cephalic phase?
The cephalic phase accounts for roughly 20–30% of gastric acid production and is mediated entirely by the vagus nerve.
What is a colonoscopy?
Colonoscopies enable both early detection and immediate surgical removal of precancerous colorectal polyps.
What are enteroendocrine cells?
Despite representing less than 1% of gut cells, collectively they form the body's largest endocrine network.
What is the enterogastric reflex?
This negative feedback loop prevents the small intestine from being overwhelmed by too much acid or volume at once.
What are Paneth cells?
Paneth cells play a vital role in regulating the gut microbiome and maintaining intestinal mucosal immunity.
What is the Migrating Motor Complex (or MMC)?
Regulated by the hormone motilin, the MMC occurs every 90–120 minutes between meals to prevent bacterial overgrowth.
What are Microfold cells (or M cells)?
M cells sample luminal antigens via transcytosis, initiating appropriate adaptive immune responses.
What is the gastrocolic reflex?
This reflex is especially strong in infants and is responsible for the urge to defecate shortly after consuming a meal.