Theories
a moral theory that judges actions by their results, the best action is the one that does the most good or the least harm.
Consequentialism
The philosophical study of morality
Ethics
The backbone of critical reasoning
logical argument
founder of utilitarianism, emphasizing the greatest happiness principle
Jeremy Bentham
If you have to choose between two projects, pick the one that benefits more people.
consequentialist theory
a popular form of consequentialism that aims for the greatest happiness for the greatest number.
Utilitarianism
beliefs concerning right and wrong, good and bad
Morality
the ideas that a moral statement that applies in one situation must apply in all other situations that are relevantly similar.
the principle of universalizability
expanded on Bentham's ideas, focused on the qualitative aspects of happiness
John Stuart Mill
A lifeguard saves others, but must ensure their own safety first. Helping others can also help you in the long run.
Ethical Egoism
Making choices that benefit you first, promote the most favorable balance of good over evil for oneself. Put his/her own welfare first.
Ethical Egoism
the scientific study of moral beliefs and practices
descriptive ethics
all persons are considered equal and should be treated accordingly
the principle of impartiality
Advocated for Ethical Egoism, emphasizing self-interest in moral decision-making
Thomas Hobbs
When someone share their snacks, they might do it to make friends or feel liked, which suggests that people always act in their own self-interest
Psychological Egoism
suggests you should follow rules that benefit you personally
Rule-Egoism
the study of the principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgements.
normative ethics
the study of the principles, rules, or theories that guide our actions and judgements
normative ethics
Most famous and controversial utilitarian philosopher. Animal rights advocate as well. Views fetuses as not persons.
Peter Singer
If the school is deciding whether to have a pizza party or a salad lunch special, choosing pizza might make more students happy.
Utilitarianism
focuses on individual actions that benefit oneself in specific situations
Act-Egoism
the view that an action is morally right if one's culture approves of it.
cultural relativism
the application of moral norms
applied ethics
argues that selfishness is a virtue and altruism a vice, a totally destructive idea that leads to the undermining of individual worth.
Ayn Rand
If you study hard for a test, you're following the rule of hard work to achieve good grades.
Rule-Egoism