Background and Design
The goods provided by nature to society
Ecosystem services
Most common method used to collect vegetation structural data in grassland dominated systems
Robel Pole
This type of composition data is the quickest but also provides the least amount of information
Frequency
Name one ecological service provided by insects
Pollination, food source, nutrient cycling, soil structure, decomposition, biocontrols
Name two things that influence where livestock forage
Distance to water, topography, shade/cover, supplemental feed/mineral, forage quality and quantity
Name two individuals that were instrumental in the conservation movement
Aldo Leopold, Teddy, Gifford Pinchot, George Grinnel Bird, John Muir, Ding Darling, Rachel Carson, and many more
Vegetation structure is distributed along these two planes
vertical and horizontal
The number of species in a defined area and a measure of their relative abundance
Species Composition
What are the two major classifications of insect sampling
Passive and active
Name one thing that monitoring livestock space use allows us to determine
Are management objectives being met, do we need to allocate resources differently, do animals need to be relocated
What should every experimental scientific study include
Controls and treatments, Randomization, and Replication
A modified-Nudds board is most useful in what type of ecosystems
Shrubland, discontinuous veg
Name three different levels of classifying vegetation composition data
Species, Genera, Family, Order, Functional Group
Name three benefits of passive sampling for insects
1) inexpensive 2) minimize observer bias 3) collection can occur over longer time period 4) options for collecting ground dwelling species that are harder to target with active methods
Give two pros and one con of monitoring fecal pats
Pros-areas can be sampled repeatedly, non-invasive, easy to do
Cons-density of pats may not be an accurate indicator of use, may need to be done frequently in environments where decays is rapid
Name the four sampling designs covered in class.
Simple Random Sample, Systematic, Cluster, and Stratified Random
Provide three reasons why we collect vegetation structure data
Assess habitat/veg (quality, selection, thermal), monitor management (restoration, disturbance, invasives), index of standing crop (fuel loads, stocking rates and utilization, production)
Name four methods for collecting vegetation composition data
Frequency, Density, Cover, Biomass Clipping, Point and line intercept
Name four passive sampling methods
Pan-trapping (bee bowls), blue vane, pitfalls, sticky traps, berlese funnels, malaise traps, light traps, emergence traps
Describe how VF collars work to contain or exclude livestock
Collar worn by livestock, GPS boundaries implemented remotely, cattle receive an auditory stimuli when approaching the boundary and then receive an electric stimuli if they cross the boundary
Name 5 tenets of the North American Model of Wildlife Conservation
1) Public trust resource 2) elimination of commercial markets 3) allocate the use and harvest of wildlife by law 4) can only be taken for legitimate purposes 5) wildlife is an international resource 6) management should be science-based 7) democracy of hunting
Name the four methods for gathering vegetation structure covered in lecture.
Robel pole, Nudds board, Photo board, Cone of Vulnerability
Name and describe the three types of vegetation cover
Canopy-umbrella
Foliar-leaves
Basal-stem
Name the four methods covered in lab.
LTDS, Foliage beating, blue-vain traps, and plant-pollinator surveys (netting)
Name three indirect and two direct methods for sampling livestock space use.
Indirect--bite counts, fecal pats, exclosures
Direct-visual observation, GPS