The Tsar
Who was the Tsar of Russia from 1894-1917?
Tsar Nicholas II
What political party are the Bolsheviks apart of?
Communist/socialist party
Led the Bolsheviks to success & made their claim to fame
Lenin
Communism
No private ownership of property and profits are shared equally by the state/government. Power of the working class. No social classes.
Individual people do not own land, factories, or machinery. Instead, the government or the whole community owns these things
The type of government under Stalin.
Yes, communism but type of leadership?
Totalitarianism: Every aspect of your life controlled by the government
Why was the Tsar an unsuccessful ruler?
-Russia was very diverse, lots of poverty, people lived in villages, very spread apart
-Income inequality
-World War 1 breaks out, bad decisions
-Married to a German woman
-Awkward & shy
What was Lenin's slogan that gave him a lot of popularity and what did it mean?
"Peace, Land, and Bread"
-Immediate end to the war
-Give the peasants the right to seize landlords' land
-Give workers and peasants control of food
Commander of the Red Army, rode on an armored trains to battlefields?
Trotsky
1. Kulak?
2. Proletariat?
1. Successful farmers in the USSR
2. The working class
Why did Stalin commit purges? Who was killed?
Eliminate ALL opponents and to maintain his power. EVERYONE was a target.
-Cheka/secret police
-Bolsheviks
-Peasants
-Farmers
-Business owners
-Everyday people
Who replaced the Tsar when he resigned?
the Provisional Government (Duma members)
What was the event that led to the Bolsheviks to take control of Russian government? ALSO how does Lenin die?
The October Revolution
Lenin dies from a series of strokes
Installed the Five-Year Plans and collectivization.
And what were these?
Stalin.
5 Year Plan= Economic plans to industrialize Russia and modernize it.
Collectivization= Eliminate private farms to create large state owned farms. Incentivized an increase of the food supply
The USSR Secret Police
Cheka
What were "Show Trials?" Why were they used by Stalin?
Staged trails for any suspects of traitors or crime committers. Only had 2 outcomes: Execution or sent to labor camps.
Used to make it look like Russians had more civil liberties than reality. Guaranteed way to eliminate opposition. Provided slave labor (or free labor) source for Russia.
What happened to the Tsar of Russia?
1. How does he leave office?
2. What happens to him after?
Resigns during WW1 (March 1917 Revolution) and then is killed by Bolsheviks during Lenin's "reign of terror"
Why was Lenin successful in becoming leader of the Bolsheviks and then the USSR/ replacing the government?
-Ideology: communism
-Won Civil War
-Charismatic & determined
-One leader
-Hardships
The Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. Who signed it AND with whom (country)? Why was it signed? What did it do to Russia?
-Lenin signed treaty with Germany.
-Treaty to take Russia out of WW1
-Russia was losing badly and lots of troops were dying, Russians were fed up
-Made USSR give up a lot of land and money
What was "Collectivization." What was the impact?
Government confiscating peasant farms and creating large state owned farms for the peasants to share and cultivate from. Confiscated food products (made the peasants reach a food production quota) in order to redistribute to the food in the cities.
Led to mass famine and executions of Kulaks. Those who refused to give up farms or food were imprisoned, sent to labor camps or executed.
Stalin's methods of control
1. 1936 Constitution
2. Personality cult and Propaganda
3. Rewriting history
4. Supervision of art and culture
5. Religion
What happened in the 1907 Revolution?
-What is it nicknamed?
-What did Tsar Nicholas II do to counteract the actions done?
Russian civilians protest against the Tsar, but they are met with violence and shot by the Tsar's troops. Protesters are killed. Nicknamed "Bloody Sunday."
Tsar Nicholas II tries to undo this scrutiny by passing the October Manifesto (passed more civil rights for Russians.)
Why did the Bolsheviks win the Civil War?
-Lenin as leader
-Trotsky commands Red Army
-unified group with one leader & one cause
-War Communism/ Red Terror
Policy of "Permanent Revolution"
What was it? Who's policy?
Trotsky. Policy of helping communist abroad because revolutions worldwide would strengthen the USSR
Stalin's opposing idea to Trotsky's policy on communism was called? What did it entail?
"Socialism in One Country"
Focusing on strengthening communism in the USSR, making communism > capitalism in the West.
What was the Cult of Stalin?
Heavy propaganda used EVERYWHERE
Strengthen Stalin's powers: people were brainwashed. Started with kids in schools.
Stalin= USSR's lord and savior, he can do no wrong!