Chapter 1.2: Thermochemistry
What is the difference between system and surroundings?
a system is the group of study and the surroundings are everything else.
List the biogeochemical cycles.
water cycle
carbon cycle
nitrogen cycle
phosphorus cycle
sulfur cycle
Fill in the blank:
The ______ ______ is the layer of the Earth that is solid.
The INNER CORE is the layer of the Earth that is liquid.
What kind of plate boundary is San Andreas Fault
transfer boundary
What are the four main types of volcanoes?
shield
composite
cinder cones
calderas
What is the difference between endothermic and exothermic reactions?
endothermic reactions = absorb energy
exothermic reactions = release energy
What causes the uneven distribution of heat on Earth?
Earth's 23 degree tilt
water 30% to land 70% ratio
What is the main difference between Earth's inner core & outer core?
They exist in different states of matter
inner core = solid
outer core = liquid
What are four landscape features that result from any plate tectonic interaction?
oceanic trenches
volcanic arcs
rift valleys
large mountains
Fill-in the blank:
The ________ the viscosity the _________ moving and less flowing the lava is.
The HIGHER the viscosity the SLOWER moving and less flowing the lava is.
What types of energy may be absorbed or released during exothermic and endothermic reactions?
light, thermal(heat), or sound
What is the difference between the two ways Earth gets its energy from
solar energy = heat that comes from the sun
thermal energy = heat that comes from within the earth because radioactive decay
Convection occurs in which of Earth's structural and compositional layers?
asthenospheres or the mantle
What type of plates AND which boundary cause a subduction?
oceanic & continental convergence
At which geologic feature do volcanoes form as tectonic plates move apart?
mid-ocean ridge
What is the difference between an open system, a closed system and an isolated system
open system = both mass and energy can be added or removed
closed system = only energy can be added or removed
isolated system = neither mass or energy can be added or removed
How do energy & matter primarily interact as they cycle through Earth's systems?
mainly through the biogeochemical cycles
Which of the two types of crust is the one that still to this day continues to get recycled and how?
oceanic crust
and
via the convection process in the mantle
Define what is a tectonic plate is?
huge slabs of rock that sit on top of the asthenosphere
What creates explosive eruptions?
the rate at which gas is released
the composition of magma (more felsic)
Which of reaction loses enthalpy and which gains enthalpy and why?
endothermic reaction = loses because the energy in the products is HIGHER than the combined energy in the reactants
exothermic reaction = gains because the energy in the products is LOWER than the combined energy in the reactants
Explain what helps distribute nutrients, mass, matter & heat/energy throughout the planet AND how?
the biogeochemical cycles- moves nutrients around the planet
the wind systems- distributes heat/energy
ocean currents - both nutrients, mass & matter and heat and energy
Why does the amount of oceanic crust in a tectonic plate change over time?
Oceanic crust is continually recycled into the mantle & re-formed at mid-ocean ridges
Which two types of plate boundaries are associated with the recycling of oceanic crust?
oceanic-oceanic divergence
&
oceanic- continental convergence
Explain how a volcano forms?
Primary through the convection cycle in the mantle where heat escapes through conducts.