Background
Learning through association
What is classical conditioning?
The irrational, persistent fear of an object or event which posses little real danger but creates anxiety and avoidance in the sufferer
What is a phobia?
The boy was this age when the phobia began
What is five?
This was a case study, meaning the _______ (one person) is small and difficult to generalize from
What is the sample?
Both the boy and his mother agreed to participate
What is informed consent?
The man who studied classical conditioning
Who is Ivan Pavlov?
A form of operant conditioning involving rewarding desirable behavior to encourage it to be repeated
What is positive reinforcement?
This was the most difficult item for the boy
What is small, clear plastic buttons?
The boy knew he was undergoing therapy to improve phobic symptoms, so this could have affected his ratings. This phenomenon is known as...
What is demand characteristics?
In classical conditioning, the environment is considered the main influence on behavior
The UCR in Pavlov's experiment
What is salivation?
Form of classical conditioning where attitudes towards stimuli are considered to be the product of complex thought processes and emotions which lead an individual to perceived or evaluate a previously neutral stimulus negatively
What is evaluative learning?
The boy used this tool to rate the items on the fear hierarchy
What is the Feelings Thermometer?
The data (background information from interview) that helps to understand the reasons underlying abnormal behavior
What is qualitative data?
A phobia is a somewhat common distressing mental health condition which can negatively effect many peoples quality of life
What is application to everyday life?
An example of classical conditioning that may require only one association
What is taste aversion?
A behavior-focused approach which meant the boy was rewarded for showing less fear and for actually handling the buttons
The two forms of treatment used on the boy
What is contingency management and imagery exposure?
The participant created his own hierarchy of fear and disgust relating to his button phobia. He gave personal ratings which were highly individual to his own thoughts and feelings. This deals with...
What is subjectivity?
This treatment resulted in decreased ratings of distress
What is imagery exposure?
A study prior to Saavedra and Silverman.
What is Hepburn and Page or De Jong et al?
This uses visualization techniques, unlike in vivo exposure where the individual actually physically handles or is exposed to the stimuli
What is imagery exposure?
Emotions and cognitions relating to ______ are important when learning new responses to phobic stimuli
What is disgust?
Using the same measures throughout the study
What is standardization?