Science Inquiry Skills
The three types of data
objective quantitative, subjective quantitative, qualitative
Obedience involves responding to a direct order from this type of figure.
Authority Figure
What did Pavlov's experiment on dogs demonstrate?
Classical conditioning (explain)
Identify the design type:
A researcher exposes one group of participants to a model demonstrating prosocial behaviour and another group to a neutral model, then observes helping behaviour.
Experimental
People tend to remember the first characteristics of a person more than things learned later on.
Primacy Effect
The three types of research design
Experimental, observational, qualitative
This type of social influence occurs when people conform because they want to be liked or accepted by the group.
Normative Social Influence
How does punishment differ from reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Punishment reduces frequency of a behaviour. Reinforcement increases frequency of a behaviour.
List three Persusasion theorires.
Elaboration Likelihood Model
Yale Attitude Approach
Direct and Indirect experience
What is the ABC model of attitude
According to this model, attitudes consist of three interrelated components: thoughts, feelings, and behaviours.
Affect, Behaviour, Cognition
When a study is likely to result in the same data if repeated it is said to be
Reliable
Describe one factor that can influence the strength of the link between attitudes and behavior.
Strength, specificity, accessiblity
Using examples, explain the difference between negative reinforcement and aversive punishment
Punishment = giving something to reduce a behaviour - negative reinforcement is removing something to increase a behaviour.
A participant presses a lever and receives a food pellet after every response
Identify this schedule and explain why it can be two types
What is the main finding of the Bobo Doll experiment?
In Bandura’s classic experiment, children who saw adults behave aggressively toward a doll were more likely to imitate the behaviour.
When is deception acceptable in research?
Deception is acceptable when it's absolutely necessary to obtain valid results, causes no lasting harm, and participants are fully debriefed afterward.
This term describes the cognitive frameworks we use to organize and interpret information about others, helping form first impressions.
Schemata
How does learning through observation differ from operant conditioning?
Learning through observation occurs by watching others and imitating their behaviors, while operant conditioning involves learning through direct experience and consequences of one's own actions.
What is high self-monitoring?
Use an example
People who closely monitor how they appear to others and adapt their behaviour to fit different situations are high in this personality trait.
What is an example of how social roles and situational factors influence behaviour, as shown in Zimbardo’s study?
During the Stanford Prison Experiment, participants quickly adopted the roles of guards and prisoners, leading to abusive behaviour and emotional distress.
In testing the effectiveness of two different stress-reduction techniques (mindfulness meditation vs. deep breathing) by measuring stress levels, the standard deviation for mindfulness group was much higher than breathing group. What does this mean?
Mindfulness worked very well for some but really poorly for others. Deep breathing was more consistent in its effects
Explain how "confirmation bias" contributes to the maintenance of stereotypes.
The tendency to seek, interpret, and remember information that confirms existing beliefs, reinforcing stereotypes
Describe the evidence for mirror neurons in the brain and their involvement in observational learning.
Mirror neurons activate both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing that action, suggesting a neural basis for imitation and learning through observation.
What is cognitive dissonance?
Provide an example
When someone's attitude and behaviour are not consistent
A person believes recycling is important but still throws bottles in the bin due to convenience.
What are the three components of YALE attitude approach - explain each
The Source (Who is delivering the message?)
The Message (What is being said?)
The Audience (Who is receiving the message?)