DNA and RNA
Molecule carrying genetic instruction for development, functioning, and reproduction of all living organisms
DNA
Exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes during meiosis.
Crossing Over
molecule that acts as the basic building block of nucleotides
nucleic acids
Manipulation of an organism's genes using biotechnology.
genetic engineering
Differences in genetic makeup of individuals within a population.
genetic variation
Nucleic acid involved in various cellular processes, including protein synthesis.
RNA
Failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division, leading to abnormal chromosome numbers in daughter cells
nondisjunction
naturally occurring chemical compounds that serve as the main information-carrying molecules of the cell
nucleotides
Introduction, removal, or alteration of genes within an individual's cells to treat or prevent disease.
gene therapy
radiation, chemicals, and viruses
environmental factors that impact heritable mutations
Process of copying DNA to produce an identical copy.
replication
Mutation in which extra nucleotides are inserted into a gene.
insertions
Three-nucleotide sequence in mRNA that codes for a specific amino acid during protein synthesis.
codon
Use of living organisms, cells, and biological systems for technological applications.
biotechnology
Genetic condition characterized by the presence of an extra chromosome.
trisomy
Process of synthesizing RNA from a DNA template.
transcription
Mutation in which a segment of DNA is lost or deleted.
deletions
Thread-like structures composed of DNA and proteins, carrying genetic information.
chromosome
Organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques.
genetically modified organism
Display of chromosome pairs of a cell arranged by size and shape.
karyotype
Process of synthesizing a protein from mRNA at the ribosome.
translation
mutation in which one base pair in a DNA sequence is replaced by another
substitutions
Molecule that makes up building blocks of DNA and RNA; includes adenine, thymine (in DNA), uracil (in RNA), cytosine, and guanine.
nitrogenous base
Process of breeding organisms with specific traits to produce offspring with desired characteristics.
selective breeding
Organism or group of genetically identical organisms derived from a single parent.
clone