Natural Selection & Genetics
This type of natural selection favors individuals with extreme traits over intermediate ones.
What is diversifying selection?
The hypothesis that assumes no difference or effect in an experiment.
What is the null hypothesis?
During meiosis, this process shuffles genes between homologous chromosomes, increasing genetic diversity.
What is recombination/crossing over?
Gene drives work best in organisms that reproduce in this way, allowing the altered gene to spread quickly through populations.
What is sexual reproduction?
#This is an example of...
for i in range(1, 6):
for j in range(1, 6):
print(i * j, end="\t")
print()
What is a nested for loop?
In a diploid organism, this type of allele is only expressed in the phenotype if two copies are present.
What is a recessive allele?
A low p-value (e.g., <0.05) suggests that we should do this to the null hypothesis.
What is reject it?
A mutation that changes a single DNA base but does not alter the amino acid sequence is called this.
What is a silent mutation?
Gene drives use this repair mechanism to propagate an edited gene through a population.
What is homology-directed repair (HDR)?
This simplest type of tree does not include branch length information.
What is a cladogram?
This form of natural selection favors individuals with one extreme phenotype but not the other extreme phenotype.
What is directional selection?
This type of variable affects both the independent and/or dependent variables, making it difficult to determine causation.
What is a confounding variable?
A mutation in a somatic cell affects only the individual, but a mutation in this type of cell can be passed to offspring.
What is a germline cell?
Scientists use this molecule to guide the Cas9 enzyme to the correct DNA to edit.
What is guide RNA (gRNA)?
The UPGMA algorithm and the molecular clock hypothesis assume that mutations accumulate at this rate over time.
What is a constant rate?
Traits like eye color, height, and skin tone are influenced by multiple genes, making them this type of trait.
What are polygenic traits?
A scale used in a study consistently measures weights as 2 kg heavier than they actually are.
What is systemic error?
There are 3 chromosome pairs that each have 1 heterozygous gene. How many haploid combinations are possible?
2x2x2=8 combinations
Unlike HDR, this error-prone DNA repair mechanism can disrupt gene drive effectiveness by introducing random mutations at the cut site.
number = -5 ## This is an example of...
if number > 0:
print("The number is positive")
elif number < 0:
print("The number is negative")
else:
print("The number is zero").
What is a boolean condition? *Also an "if statement" is acceptable*