Describe binary fission and list which cells undergo this process.
Binary fission is an asexual reproduction process where cells are cloned creating 2 identical cells. This occurs in bacteria, and protista.
100
List the microbes for each catagory: decomposers, consumers, and producers.
Decomposers: fungi and bacteria
Consumers: protista
Producers: soem bacteria and protista
100
Name 3 outer defenses and 3 inner defense you have against pathogens.
Outer: Your skin, sweat, tears, mucus, nose hair, oil, and scabs.
Inner: stomach acid, your own bacteria release poisons that kill invading bacteria, mucous
100
What is the difference between a vaccine and an antibiotic?
Vaccines are given to prevent an antigen from making you sick and antibiotics are given to attack bacterial infection once you are already sick.
200
What is the difference between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?
Eukaryotic cells have a nucleus that contains DNA, but prokaryotic cells do not have a nucleus, the DNA floats freely in the cytoplasm of the cell.
200
Describe how fungi reproduce.
Fungi reproduce primarily asexually through spore production from mushrooms. Each spore can form a new hyphae
200
How do fungi and bacteria "eat"?
Both bacteria and fungi release enzymes that break down food, which are then absorbed through the cells of bacteria and fungi.
200
Your immune system is composed of different types of ________________ also called ___________.
white blood cells and leukocytes
200
What is the difference between an antigen and an antibody?
Antigens are pathogens that make you sick and antibodies are part of your immune system that attack antigens.
300
How are fungal cells different from other eukaryotic cells?
Most animal and plant cells are surrounded by cell walls or membranes. Fungal cells are joined together and have opening so the cells can share nutrition and other fluids.
300
Describe how viruses reproduce.
Viruses infect a host cell by mimiking a familiar protein. The virus then injects the cell with viral DNA or RNA. This DNA or RNA tells the host cell to make copies of the virus that are then released to infect new cells.
300
How so most protista "eat"?
Many protista are predatory, that seek out and eat their food.
300
What is the name of your immune system's first line of defense and what do they do?
Macrophages and they hunt down and absorb antigens.
300
How are vaccines produced?
Vaccines are made using weakened or attenuated pathogens that cannot reproduce as well, using inactivated pathogens that cannot reproduce, or proteins from the microbes.
400
Which type of microbe is older: bacteria or fungi? Explain your answer
Bacteria: they are found earliest in the fossil record and they have the simplest cell structure.
400
How are viruses transmitted to cells if they cannot move?
Water droplets in sneezes or coughs travel through the air and can be picked up directly or from a surface of an object.
400
How is it possible for fungus to get onto food in our refrigerator and grow?
Fungal spores are found almost everywhere. They could have already been in the refrigerator or the food already had fungal spores on it.
400
What happens if the first line of defense in your immune system fails?
Helper t-cells call in the b-cells. The b-cells produce antibodies that either destroy antigens or help killer t-cells target and kill the antigens.
400
How are antibiotics produced?
How are antivirals produced?
Antibiotics: Fermentation of bacteria or fungus.
Antivirals: inactivated viruses
500
If viruses contain DNA or RNA, why is it not classified as living?
Viruses do not reproduce on their own, do not consume food, and do not respire (breathe).
500
Describe how bacteria help us eat.
Bacteria help us to digest our food and provide us with essential nutrients like Vitamin K.
500
a specific antibody is produced for ______________
an antigen is a _____________
one specific antigen
chemical
500
what happens if you are attacked by the same pathogen in the future? Why does this happen?
In response to the same antigen, your body immediately produces the corresponding antibodies for this specific antigen because your memory t-cells have stored the information when you were sick with this pathogen in the past.
500
How can antibiotic resistance occur?
From overuse, under use, or misuse of antibiotics.
Antibiotics have been over prescribed, people do not always complete their antibiotic prescription, and use of antibiotics for viral infections.