PE
What is potential energy?
The Energy an object has due to it's position
What is kinetic energy?
The energy of motion.
What is thermal energy?
The Energy of moving particles in matter(heat)
What does SULTAN stand for?
Scale, Units, Labels, Title, Accuracy, Neatness.
What does CER stand for?
Claim, Evidence, Reasoning.
Which variables affects potential energy?
Weight and height
When there is no friction, when potential energy decreases, what happens to kinetic energy?
It increases (energy is transformed).
Where does the energy “go” when friction is added to the pendulum?
It’s transformed into thermal energy.
Which axis does the independent variable go on?
The x-axis.
Which part of CER answers the question directly?
The Claim.
Write the formula for potential energy and identify each variable.
PE(J)=Mass(kg) x Gravity(m/s2) x Height(m)
or
PE(J)=Weight(N) x Height(m)
Where in the pendulum swing is kinetic energy the greatest?
How does the Law of Conservation of Energy explain what happens to the pendulum’s kinetic energy as it swings and eventually slows down?
In both the pendulum simulation and the bowling ball demonstration, where do you think friction is occurring?
Friction happens between the ball and the air and at the connection point where the string or rope attaches to the support.
What is a “word of change” in a trend statement? Give one example.
Words that describe direction of change (e.g., increases, decreases, remains constant, fluctuates).
Which part of CER uses data from your lab?
The Evidence.
If a pendulum has a mass of 1 kg and is raised 2 m high, how much potential energy does it have?
(Use g = 9.81 m/s²)
1 kg × 9.81 m/s × 2 m = 19.62 J
How does the Law of Conservation of Energy explain what happens to the pendulum’s kinetic energy as it swings and eventually slows down?
The total amount of energy stays the same, but the kinetic energy decreases because some of it is transformed into thermal energy due to friction. Total energy however stays the same.
How does this friction affect the energy in the system during the pendulum simulation or bowling ball demonstration?
Friction transforms some of the pendulum’s potential and kinetic energy into thermal energy, which causes the ball to lose energy to heat and not return to its original height.
Write a trend statement using this data:
“As pendulum length increases, the number of swings decreases.”
How does the Reasoning connect to the claim?
It explains why the evidence supports the claim using science concepts.
Why does the pendulum lose potential energy over time when friction is added?
Because some of the potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy as it moves, and then into thermal energy due to friction between the pendulum and the air. This causes the amount of potential energy to decrease with each swing.
Why does the bowling ball not swing back to its original height?
Some energy is transformed into thermal energy due to friction with the air
Two pendulums are swinging—one in air and one inside a vacuum chamber. Over time, which will lose more height, and what does that show about friction and thermal energy?
The pendulum in air will lose more height because friction with air transforms more of its motion into thermal energy. The pendulum in a vacuum won’t experience that air resistance, so it will swing longer and lose less energy to heat.
What is the graph missing?
Title, Labels, and Units
During the pendulum simulation, friction was changed from none to medium to high. Write a reasoning statement that explains how the increase in friction affected the transfer of energy in the system.
Reasoning: As friction increased, potential and kinetic energy decreased faster while thermal energy increased. This shows that friction transforms energy into heat. According to the Law of Conservation of Energy, the total energy of the system remains the same, changing form from potential and kinetic energy into thermal energy.