Topic 1 & 2
Who invented the first Thermometer?
Galileo
What is Expansion & Contraction?
How does it effect particles?
Expansion = As particles heat up they move faster. As they move faster they start to spread apart
Contraction = As particles cool down they start to move slower. Slower moving particles start to get closer together
Thermal Energy is another word for __________
Heat
What did we say was the "Silent Killer"
Why is it so deadly?
Carbon Monoxide
cant be seen, smelt, or heard
Define what Absolute Zero is, and list which scale its used in, and one main difference this scale has with the other scales?
Absolute Zero is the coldest anything in our universe can get.
it is used in the Kelvin Scale
used by scientists, does not have any negative numbers, lack the term "degree" (i.e Degree Celsius, we do not say Degree Kelvin)
Describe the 3 steps for calibrating a thermometer
Place Thermometer in an ice-water bath and mark the liquid/wax level line at 0 degrees
Then, place it in boiling water. Mark this new level as 100 degrees
Divide your thermometer, using a ruler, equally into different parts.
Energy always flows in a direction from ________ energy, to an object with _______ energy. Give an example of this and its specific energy transfer.
from High Energy to an object with Low Energy
An example of this, is the sitting a hot bath tub. The energy from the water around you (high energy) will flow into you (low energy) - warming you up
What is a Convection Current?
The circular pattern created by the moving gas or liquid.
Hot air close to heat source rises up as cooler air falls down
Whats the difference between Passive and Active Solar energy?
Passive: Efficient heating method that doesn’t require expensive solar panels. Uses materials in the structure to absorb, store, and release solar energy
Active: Involve complex mechanical systems and devices called Solar Collectors (solar panels)
Radiation Travels as ______________
Waves
List 3 of the seven different types of thermometers we covered in class. Use your own words to describe how they work.
Liquid Thermometer - mercury, alcohol, or wax is place in a tube. When this thermometer is placed in an environment, its liquid level will rise or lower showing the temperature
Thermocouple - wires of 2 different metals are twisted. when the tips are heated, a small current flows. The size of this current can turn switches/valves when temperature changes
Bimetallic strip - 2 metal strips joined together. As this strip is heated, one of the metals expands more than the other which forces the strip to coil in more tightly. The process is reversed when it's cooled.
Recording Thermometer - uses a bimetallic strip with a special pen on the end. As the strip expands and contracts the pen is constantly making markings.
Infrared Thermogram (IR) - Specialized technology that displays images on a screen. The colour of brightness of the infrared image shows the temperature of the object.
Crystal - used in rings
Laser thermometers - pointed at what you want measured. Uses laser technology to broadcast the temperature of the object.
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?
“Energy cannot be created or destroyed. It can only be transformed from one type to another or passed from one object to another.”
In your own words, explain evaporative cooling.
A process in which faster moving particles on the surface of a liquid evaporate and escape into the air
The slower moving particles (which are left behind) have lower Kinetic Energy → decreasing the temperature of the remaining liquid
What converts mechanical energy into electrical energy? Think of a specific example we discussed over and over again in class
Turbine.
either steam or high pressured water spins it
What is a conductor
What is an insulator
Give an example of each
Conductor: A substance or material that allows electricity or heat to flow through easily
Insulator: Much less efficient at transferring thermal energy. Slow down the transfer of thermal energy to or from the surroundings
This object stays warm or cool longer!
Why must we use pure water when calibrating a thermometer?
When calibrating a thermometer, it is best to do so at sea-level. Explain why?
Pure water has an absolute freezing and boiling temperature. With impurities such as salt, this may change its boiling & freezing temperature.
Water boils at different temperatures at different altitudes.
What are the 3 most important ideas (laws) that make up the Particle Model of Matter?
1. All substances are made up of tiny particles to small to be seen
2. that particles are always in motion - vibrating, rotating, moving place to place
3. the particles always have space between them
What is Specific Heat Capacity? Give one example of something with high and one example of something with low specific heat capacity
The amount of Thermal Energy that Warms or Cools One Gram of a material by One Degree Celsius
High --> Water, insulation, wool
Low --> sand, iron,
Explain the difference between renewable and nonrenewable resources. Give an example for each
Energy sources that can be replaced or recycled by natural processes in less than 100 years are considered to be renewable energy
examples may vary
Give Three state changes and example of each
Sublimation
Melting
freezing
condensation
evaporation
What is an example of something that:
Generates Thermal Heat?
Transfers Thermal Heat?
Controls Thermal Heat?
Removes Thermal Heat?
Generates --> anything that produces heat
Tranfers --> Conduction, radiation, convection
Controls --> thermostat
Removes--> ice packs, ice cubs,
Explain why - when we add ice cubes to a glass of water we are not adding coldness. Instead, we are doing what? Please explain.
We are actually drawing the heat out of the water. The heat from the water is being absorbed by the ice cubes - which as a result will cool the waters overall temperature.
What are the three ways in which we can transfer energy. Which state(s) are involved for each?
Conduction - Solids
Convection - Liquids & Gases
Radiation - No particles needed. Can pass through almost everything
In class we discussed how we are limiting our fossil fuel emissions. What was the main way in which we are saving heat?
What do cooling machines use, and how do they work to save energy and power?
The technology of the thermostat. Being able to control the temperature (setting) at different times of the day. To have it on when we are home, to have it turn off or lower when we are not home.
Cooling machines: Refrigerants → liquids that evaporate at easily at low temperatures. Refrigerants are pumped through coils in the unit that remove thermal energy from food / room
What is the greenhouse effect? Can you give an example of a gas that adds to this effect?
Is a process that occurs when energy from the sun goes through the atmosphere and heats our planet's surface
Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere prevent some of the heat from returning directly to space, resulting in a warmer planet
examples: Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Sulfur dioxide