This theoretical substance was posited in the late 18th century to explain why certain substances, like water, were found in different "forms" at different temperatures.
What is caloric?
100
This view of the history of life suggest that significant changes in organisms occur over large periods of time and at a relatively constant and low rate.
What is phyletic gradualism?
100
Thomas Kuhn uses this term in a number of different ways, but it commonly refers to some set of assumptions or a particular way of looking at the world that a certain group of scientists share in common.
What is a paradigm?
100
This is research based on some achievement that the relevant scientists take as foundational.
What is normal science?
100
According to Evelyn Fox Keller, she was treated as an inferior physicist primarily due to her being this.
What is a woman?
200
This theoretical substance in chemistry rose to dominance in the 18th century. The more flammable something is, the more of this substance it purportedly contained.
What is phlogiston?
200
This view in paleobiology suggests that the history of evolution consists of large periods of time with relatively little phenotypic change followed by relatively short periods of time with drastic phenotypic change.
What is punctuated equilibrium?
200
Kuhn popularized this term which refers to a fundamental change in the dominant scientific worldview.
What is a paradigm change?
200
This, according to Kuhn, is a primary motivation for a scientist to solve the set of problems posed by her or his paradigm.
What is a desire for puzzle solving?
200
The author's of "The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary Cell Biology" argue that one's beliefs about gender relations can influence this.
What are one's beliefs about biology?
300
This, according to proponents of phlogiston theory, is a highly flammable form of air due to its high level of receptivity to phlogiston.
What is dephlogisticated air?
300
This is when relatively little phenotypic change occurs usually over large scales of geological time.
What is stasis?
300
According to Kuhn, if history is seen as more than this, it could lead to a different conception of scientific progress than that afforded by other, less historical projects.
What is mere anecdote or chronology?
300
These are neither predicted nor captured by the dominant paradigm and readily lead to paradigm shifts. Moreover, they are responsible for new phenomena.
What are novelties of fact or theory?
300
This thinker held that the male supplies the active form for the child and the female supplies the passive matter for the child.
Who is Aristotle?
400
According to our current chemistry, this is what Priestly actually managed to obtain in his lab when he found a highly flammable "form" of air and not, as he claimed, dephlogisticated air.
What is oxygen?
400
Stephen J Gould and Thomas Kuhn mention these as a common source for instilling the fundamentals of a scientific field in the minds of young scientists.
What are books?
400
The most important class of fact-gathering activities occurring in stages of normal science according to Kuhn.
What is articulating a paradigm?
400
According to Kuhn, scientists only notice anomalies because they are first provided this by their paradigm.
What is an expectation for the world to be a particular way?
400
Aristotle.
Who is a possible originator for some of our recent beliefs about the biology of reproduction?
500
This scientist is reasonably credited as discovering what oxygen is though others discovered that it is before him.
Who is Lavoisier?
500
This sort of methodology claims that science works by observing certain facts in the world, independent of a theoretical framework.
What is the inductivist methodology?
500
According to Kuhn, science is surprising in that, or even unique in the degree to which these are eventually settled though they are commonly initially present at the origins of each scientific fields.
What are disagreements in science?
500
Kuhn thinks this is an important form of disanalogy between seeing some lines as a duck or rabbit and looking at the world through different scientific paradigms.
What is the possibility of seeing the duck-rabbit as merely a series of lines and curves which one sees in different ways; a possibility not available to the scientist because she does not have access to the world independent of such ways of looking at it.
500
In the supplement for "The Importance of Feminist Critique for Contemporary Cell Biology" the author attempts to construct an interactionist conception of this relationship.
What is the relationship between the sperm and the egg?