Chemistry
The Hansen parameters define this property in relation to intermolecular forces. Le Chatelier’s principle dictates the direction a reaction will shift when an equilibrium constant related to this property is exceeded, according to the common ion effect. Water and ethanol are miscible because they have this property for all proportions. Ammonium ions and nitrate ions exhibit this property for ionic salts in water. For the point, name this property, the ability of one substance to dissolve another.
ANSWER: solubility
Organic-rich black shale deposits have been correlated with the Toarcian Turnover, an extinction event during this period. The Solnhofen Limestone is home to fossilized creatures who lived in this period, including the earliest-known bird, the Archaeopteryx. During this period, much of western North America was covered by the Sundance Sea, whose receding led to the accumulation of the Morrison formation. For the point, what is this period between the Cretaceous and Triassic that was famed for its dinosaurs?
ANSWER: Jurassic period
This tissue can be reabsorbed by cells that reside in small depressions called Howship’s lacunae. Hematopoiesis occurs in the cancellous type of this tissue, whose Volkmann’s canals connect the periosteum with blood vessels of Haversian canals. This tissue, which replaces cartilage at the epiphyseal plate during growth, is made up of a mineralized matrix that includes hydroxyapatite and collagen. For the point, what connective tissue makes up the skeletal system and is weakened in osteoporosis?
ANSWER: bone tissue (or osseous tissue)
A theorem named for this type of number notes that the amount of these numbers less than a given value is roughly that value divided by the log of that value. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic notes that every natural number greater than 1 is either one of these numbers or can be expressed as a product of these numbers. For the point, name this class of numbers that cannot be evenly divided by whole numbers other than itself and 1.
ANSWER: prime numbers
According to the book The Right Stuf , this man replaced Chalmers Goodlin, who demanded $150,000 to attempt a feat that this man would later accomplish. This man, a World War II “ace in a day,” only alerted his wife and fellow aviator Jack Ridley that he broke two ribs when thrown from a horse. That event occurred just days before this pilot used Glamorous Glennis, a Bell-X1 plane, to surpass 1 Mach. For the point, name this pilot, the first man to travel faster than the speed of sound.
ANSWER: Charles “Chuck” Yeager
n Earth, this process may be possible by magnetically confinding deuterium and tritium in a tokamak. This process absorbs energy in elements heavier than iron and occurs when the strong force overcomes the Coulomb barrier formed from electrostatic forces. The CNO cycle and proton-proton chain are two reaction cycles of this process that form Helium from Hydrogen atoms. For the point, name this process that powers the sun, the act of two nuclei merging together
ANSWER: nuclear fusion
Variation in this phenomenon defines the seasons along the intertropical convergence zone. Anabatic winds cause this phenomenon to be more common on the windward side of mountains. Virga is a type of this phenomenon in the atmosphere. Petrichor is the scent produced by this phenomenon on the soil or rocks. Particularly dangerous tornadoes may be “wrapped” by this phenomenon. For the point, name this atmospheric phenomenon which can result in flash flooding if too much of it happens in a short time period.
ANSWER: rain [accept precipitation]
During development, members of this phylum can go into dauer stage, where larvae hibernate due to harsh environmental conditions. Members of this phylum possess a pseudocoelom, and one species in this phylum invades the small intestine in a disease called Trichinosis, which occurs due to the consumption of undercooked meat. UNC genes were discovered in a member of this phylum by Sydney Brenner, who established C. elegans, that member of this phylum, as a model organism for developmental biology. For the point, name this phylum that includes roundworms.
ANSWER: Nematoda (accept Nematodes; accept roundworms before mentioned)
The Nice model concerns the migration history of these objects. A 2016 paper led by astronomer Mike Brown hypothesized the existence of one of these objects. In 2006, the IAU stated that these objects must be nearly spherical in shape and also have “cleared their neighbourhood”. Ancient Greek astronomers called these objects “wanderers”. For the point, name this class of objects that, within our solar system, no longer includes Pluto.
ANSWER: planets [prompt on “gas giants”]
. This scientist worked with Roger Penrose to model singularities in spacetime. He built on Jakob Bekenstein’s idea that black holes have finite entropy to show that virtual particles should be able to escape black holes in this man’s namesake radiation. Until 2009, he served as the Lucasian Professor at Cambridge for 30 years despite having early-onset ALS. For the point, name this British physicist, author of A Brief History of Time, who passed away in 2018.
ANSWER: Stephen (William) Hawking
The Mark-Houwink equation relates the molecular weight of these substances to their intrinsic velocity. Amorphous types of these substances become rubbery above the glass transition temperature. These substances, which are modeled by the Flory-Huggins theory, can be synthesized with different types of tacticity through use of Ziegler-Natta catalysts. The “chain-growth” method produces these substances, which include PVC and teflon. For the point, name these substances made up of many monomers.
ANSWER: polymers
Mazuku are pockets or layers of this gas that collect in low-lying areas, often killing vegetation or unlucky humans. A limnic eruption can release this gas into the atmosphere, perhaps having concentrated from the decomposition of organic matter. Degassing is the primary contributor of this compound into the atmosphere from the mantle. Ash and aerosols released from volcanoes along with this gas can often cancel its infamous atmospheric heating effects. For the point, name this greenhouse gas released from volcanoes at a rate of about half a billion metric tons each year
ANSWER: carbon dioxide [accept CO2 ]
One of only two known organisms to emit red light, Siphonophores belong to this phylum. Myxozoa, parasitic members of this phylum, have polar capsules that are similar to nematocysts, which are used by members of this phylum such as Lion’s mane. Sessile members of this phylum have a polyp body form, as exhibited by the class Anthozoa, while the class Cubozoa displays its mobile medusa form. For the point, name this phylum of radially-symmetric marine invertebrates that includes anemone, coral, and jellyfish.
ANSWER: Cnidaria
The term for these astronomical objects was coined by Charles Misner and John Wheeler. A Roman Ring is a collection of these objects that do not allow for time travel. One type of these objects is an Einstein-Rosen bridge. A link between a black hole and a white hole and create, for the point, what type of hypothetical object that can allow for faster than light travel by introducing a direct connection between two distant regions of the universe?
ANSWER: wormhole
This ancient mathematician found the area between a parabola and a line, as described in his treatise The Quadrature of the Parabola, and tried to estimate the number of grains of sand that could fit in the universe in his The Sand Reckoner. The first proof of the volume of a sphere within a cylinder was written by this man, who had the formula inscribed on his tombstone. This man was killed during the Roman siege of his hometown, Syracuse, in 212 BC. For the point, name this ancient Greek mathematician and physicist.
ANSWER: Archimedes of Syracuse
This statement is modified by the acentric factor in the Soave-Redlich-Kwong equation. Maxwell’s equal area rule is used below critical temperatures to correct an equation that generalizes this law. In that equation about this law, the variable “a” accounts for intermolecular attractions. Corrected by the van der Waals equation, this law is most accurate at high temperatures and low pressures. For the point, rules named for Avogadro, Charles, and Boyle are combined in what law written PV equals nRT?
ANSWER: ideal gas law
A sturzstrom is one of these events in which the horizontal distance is much longer than the vertical distance. One of these events in 1958 created the largest tsunami wave ever measured and is thought to have been triggered by an earthquake. When these events reach active streams, they can become much bigger thanks to the added water and debris. As a type of mass wasting, these events can be distinguished by their contents being largely soil or rock. For 10 points, name these sudden movements of earth down a slope which are similar to avalanches.
ANSWER: landslides
Framework regions of these molecules are more resistant to the hypersomatic mutations that affect their complementarity determining regions. The “12/23” rule is enforced when these molecules undergo VDJ recombination. Monoclonal types of these proteins bind to the same epitope. In class-switching, these proteins’ heavy chains are changed so that their ’“M” or “D” types can become “G,” “A,” or “E” types. For the point, what Y-shaped proteins bind to antigens during the immune response?
ANSWER: antibodies (accept antibody, immunoglobulins, or Ig)
In neutral geometry, these objects cannot exist at the summit vertices of a Saccheri quadrilateral. Two vectors form this type of angle when their dot product is negative. In a triangle, the square of the side opposite this type of angle is larger than the sum of the squares of the other two sides. Two altitudes lie outside triangles with this type of angle. The larger angle in a supplementary pair is, for the point, what type of angle measuring more than 90 degrees?
ANSWER: obtuse angle
A man from this country pioneered the use of an airtight, pressurized cabin, which he used while measuring cosmic rays. That man’s grandson, Bertrand, is also from this country, and circumnavigated the world in the first nonstop flight by balloon. Aside from Auguste Piccard, this nation was home to a man who developed a principle stating that a rise in a fluid’s velocity accompanies a fall in its pressure, a law that also helps explain how airplanes generate lift. For the point, name this European country, the birthplace of physicist Daniel Bernoulli.
ANSWER: Switzerland
Griffin and Davies name different HLB methods for classifying these substances, whose pulmonary type is made up of DPPC and secreted by alveolar cells. Proteins can be denatured with SDS, one of these substances, which remain in their crystalline forms below the Krafft temperature. Surface tension of these substances steadies at the CMC, beyond which micelles form. For the point, name these substances that have hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails and are often used in detergents like soap.
ANSWER: surfactants
The first step of this process is catalyzed by an enzyme that is activated when a magnesium ion binds to carbamate. Malate breaks down in bundle-sheath cells to produce a molecule that begins this process, where 3GP molecules are reduced by NAPH and ATP. This process occurs in the daytime for CAM plants so that they can reduce water loss. For the point, RuBisCO is used in what light-independent cycle of reactions that occurs in the stroma and synthesizes sugars from carbon dioxide?
ANSWER: Calvin-Benson cycle (prompt on “photosynthesis”)
An enzyme named for these structures was discovered in Tetrahymena. When rich in guanine, these structures can form G-Quadruplexes, which can stabilize T-loops in these structures. These structures are thought to be a cause for cellular aging and cancer. The Hayflick limit is explained when these structures shorten after repeated DNA replication. In humans, these structures have a sequence of TTAGGG. For the point, name these structures that protect the ends of chromosomes.
ANSWER: telomeres
22. A sequence of numbers named for this thinker has terms equal to 1 more than a product of the smallest primes. This thinker showed that whenever a prime divides a product it must divide one of the factors in Proposition 30 of his Book 7. This man popularized the theorem that isosceles triangles have equal base angles, and he used five axioms to open the first textbook in geometry. For the point, name this ancient Greek mathematician who wrote The Elements.
ANSWER: Euclid of Alexandria
The inventor of the stethoscope, Rene Laennec, was diagnosed with this disease when his nephew used Laennec’s stethoscope to do so. French monarchs used the “Royal touch” to rid their subjects of this disease, which is often diagnosed with a test created by Charles Mantoux, the PPD test. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine targets this disease, which is caused by a bacteria of genus Mycobacterium. For the point, what disease affects the lung and was historically known as “consumption”?
ANSWER: tuberculosis