Biology
When these structures are "cultured," they can be in suspension or adherent. Matthias Schleiden and Theodor Schwann developed a theory of these structures which has three tenets. A “cycle” named for these structures includes steps like G2, S, and M. These structures possess an outer “wall” and membrane in plants but only a membrane in animals. For the point, name these building blocks of life which contain organelles.
What are cells?
This word describes a type of crystalline substance that exists in either smectic or nematic phases while in its thermotropic variety. The HPLC-type of chromatography uses a highly pressurized solvent in this state, which is also bypassed by substances that undergo deposition and sublimation. At negative 196 degrees Celsius, nitrogen exists in this state. For the point, name this state of matter formed when substances melt.
What is a liquid?
This object can be "grazed" by Krachts [[KRAHKTS]] and Marsdens. Prominences and spicules [[SPIK-yools]] arise from this body. Objects on this body follow an 11-year cycle, experience the Dalton minimum, and have lower temperatures than the surrounding surface. The chromosphere lies outside the photosphere of this body. The corona is part of, for the point, what star around which the Earth revolves?
What is the sun?
Objects that exceed this quantity emit Cherenkov radiation. Velocity divided by this quantity equals relativistic beta, which is found in the denominator of the Lorentz factor. This value is constant in all inertial reference frames according to Einstein's theory of special relativity. For the point, name this quantity symbolized "c" which is about 300 million meters per second and represents the maximum speed at which objects can travel.
What is the speed of light?
Random types of these constructs are called Las Vegas or Monte Carlo depending on whether they can fail. Two of these constructs named for Kruskal and Prim are "greedy," meaning they always make the locally optimal choice. "Big O" notation describes the runtime of these methods, which can use a "divide-and-conquer" technique. Search and sort can be performed by, for the point, what step-by-step methods used by computers to solve problems?
What are algorithms?
In a pathway in this organelle, cyanide can bind to complex IV [[FOUR]] and lead to asphyxia. They’re not chloroplasts, but it is believed that these organelles arose from the endosymbiosis of a prokaryotic cell and aerobic bacteria. People derive these organelles from egg cells, so DNA passed down through them is maternal. For the point, name this organelle in which most of the body’s ATP is generated, leading to its nickname, the “powerhouse of the cell.”
What are mitochondria?
The transfer of these particles is the central mechanism of redox reactions. A Lewis acid is defined by its ability to form a covalent bond with one of these particles. The addition of these particles can lead to the formation of an anion [[AN-eye-on]]. These particles form a namesake "cloud" composed of orbitals. For the point, name these subatomic particles with a negative charge.
What are electrons?
Because it lacks a differentiated core, this phenomenon on the moon is concentrated in the crust. Rocks that naturally exhibit this phenomenon are called lodestones. The geodynamo theory proposes that this phenomenon in the Earth is created by the liquid outer core, causing compasses to point north. For the point, name this phenomenon which attracts metals like nickel and iron.
What is magnetism?
For humans, the longest wavelength cone primarily sees this color, and cells named after this color are called erythrocytes. Although they can vary greatly, algal blooms are sometimes called "tides" of this color. The first stage of a bruise is usually this color and inflammation can cause skin to turn this color. The iron atom in hemoglobin causes, for the point, mammalian blood cells to take on what namesake color?
What is red?
In polar coordinates, the equation "r equals the constant A" produces one of these shapes. The Cartesian product of two of these shapes gives a torus. This conic section defines an eccentricity of zero, and a square cannot be constructed with the same area as this shape with only a compass and straightedge. Pi times the radius squared gives the area of, for the point, what 2D shape consisting of all points equidistant from a fixed center?
What is a circle?
The centimorgan unit maps loci on these structures, consisting of p and q arms. Crossing over occurs between homologous pairs of these structures. A karyotype can show the diploid number of these, 46 in humans, as well as the presence of three of number 21 in a Down syndrome patient. Lining up along the equator during the metaphase of mitosis, for the point, what are these DNA structures?
What are chromosomes?
Replacing one atom in this compound with deuterium gives its "heavy" form. Microwave ovens primarily work by heating this compound in food due to its large dipole moment. The presence of a lone pair on this compound's oxygen atom gives it a bent geometry. This polar compound is known as the "universal solvent." For the point, name this compound composed of one oxygen and two hydrogen atoms.
What is water?
This structure is above the Moho discontinuity, which separates it from the layer below. The outer part of the lithosphere is made up of this layer, which comes in oceanic and continental forms. This structure is generated at mid-ocean ridges and destroyed at subduction zones and is primarily composed of silica and oxygen. Resting atop the mantle, for the point, name this outermost layer of the Earth’s surface.
What is the crust?
This planet's gravity induces tidal forces that cause volcanism on some of its moons. This planet is orbited by the largest moon in the Solar System, which is larger than the planet Mercury. This planet's moons include Callisto, Io [[EYE-oh]], Ganymede, and Europa. This planet is home to a massive anti-cyclone storm called the Great Red Spot. For the point, name this largest planet in the Solar System.
What is Jupiter?
According to legend, this thinker built a robot copy of his daughter Francine after she died of scarlet fever. Along with Snell, this thinker lends his name to the law of refraction. This thinker founded analytic geometry by combining algebra with coordinate planes. This man lends his name to the most common two-dimensional coordinate system. For the point, name this early modern French philosopher and mathematician, who stated "I think therefore I am."
Who is Renee Descartes?
Drugs that treat a disease caused by this virus include enfuvirtide [[en-FYOO-veer-tide]] and lamivudine [[lah-MIHV-yoo-deen]]. This virus of the Lentivirus genus may present with Kaposi's sarcoma. X4R5 is a subtype of this virus which can use both CXCR4 and CCR5 receptors to enter the cell. The drug zidovudine [[zai-DOH-vyoo-deen]], or AZT, reduces activity of the reverse transcriptase of this virus which infects helper T-cells. For the point, name this retrovirus which causes AIDS.
What is HIV?
Two scientists with this surname learned that compressing quartz leads to an electric potential, discovering piezoelectricity. Work from those studies was used by a physicist with this surname to study the properties of uranium in pitchblende. Henri Becquerel and two people with this surname shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics. For the point, give the last name of a physicist who won two Nobel Prizes for researching radioactivity and discovering Radium and Polonium.
Who is Curie?
A poem written after one of these events states "one thing at least is certain, light has weight." That poem was written by Arthur Eddington, who tested the theory of general relativity during one of these events. Jules Janssen and Norman Lockyer discovered helium in a spectral line during one of these events. For the point, “solar” and “lunar” are types of what celestial events in which light from the sun is blocked?
What are eclipses?
semi-empirical formula for this quantity named for Bethe [[BEH-tuh]] and Weizsäcker [[VAIT-seh-kuh]] can also be used to calculate nuclear binding energy using its namesake "defect." The Higgs boson gives particles this property, which also equals energy divided by the speed of light squared according to a formula proposed by Albert Einstein. For the point, name this quantity symbolized "m" and measured in kilograms.
What is mass?
The rank-nullity theorem is used on these objects, and local curvature is described by the "Hessian" type of these objects. The equation A v equals lambda v describes the eigenvector and eigenvalue of these objects. Expansion by minors is used to find the determinant of these objects, which can be used to invert them. For the point, name these mathematical objects which are arrays of numbers in rows and columns.
What is a matrix?
An assumption of this theory is that differential fitness is heritable, and the main proponent of this theory was influenced by Malthus. Analogous structures are created in the convergent form of this process, and genetic variation is a pre-requisite for this process to occur. Theorized to occur via natural selection, for the point, what is this theory about inherited changes in populations over time which was put forward by Charles Darwin?
What is the theory of evolution?
When these elements have their electron configuration written out, they are denoted with their name in brackets. These elements tend to have relatively small atomic radii due to having high effective nuclear charges. These elements are mostly non-reactive due to possessing full valence shells of electrons. For the point, name this group of elements including neon and helium which is located at the rightmost portion of the periodic table.
What are noble gases?
When these objects form on top of each other, they are known as "pileus." The term "nimbus" refers to examples of these objects associated with storms. At high altitudes, these objects are composed of ice crystals and are called "cirrus." Lower level varieties of these objects include stratus and cumulus. For the point, name these large masses of water vapor from which rain is released.
What are clouds?
Lyophilic types of these substances are more stable than lyophobic ones. Adding clarifying agents to these substances can cause flocculation. Solid foam and sols are examples of these substances, and the scattering of light by these substances is stronger for blue light than red light in the Tyndall effect. For the point, name these mixtures in which one substance is dispersed in another, exemplified by aerosols and milk.
What are colloids?
Setting a "characteristic" one of these objects to zero allows Eigenvalues for a matrix to be found. These objects of degree five or higher cannot be solved algebraically. These objects can be factored using difference of cubes or difference of squares, and can be multiplied out using FOIL. For the point, name these objects with integer powers of variables, such as cubics and quadratics.
What are polynomials?