Life/Biology
This structure is home to several zygomatic processes. The presence of two openings in this structure separates diapsids from other amniotes. At birth, this structure contains many fontanelles, or soft spots, which fuse early in life. This structure contains the parietal, frontal, and occipital bones and contain holes through which the optical nerves pass. For the point, name this bony structure that protects the brain.
SKULL or CRANIUM
This model of our solar system placed Earth in the center and was challenged by Copernican revolution.
GEOCENTRIC model
Anatoly Vlasov names an equation that describes the kinetics of this material. Stellarators and tokamaks are used to confine this material within magnetic fields. This material was once commonly used in flatscreen TVs, which have since been replaced in the market by LCDs. Solar wind moves particles in this state of matter away from the Sun, which is composed of this highly ionized matter. For the point, name this “fourth” state of matter.
PLASMA
An elastic form of this quantity is found by multiplying one-half times the spring constant times the change in spring length squared. Within Earth’s gravity, this quantity for an object is given by the product of mass, the gravitational constant, and the height above Earth; as a result, this value is zero for an object on Earth’s surface. A pendulum about to be swung has, for the point, what stored form of energy, contrasted with kinetic energy?
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Ithiel Town developed an inexpensive form of these structures known as his lattice truss. Emily Roebling provided engineering support for the design of one of these structures. A type of resonance is thought to have been responsible for the collapse of one of these at the Tacoma Narrows. For the point, name these engineering projects, such as one between Brooklyn and Manhattan over the East River.
BRIDGES
One member of this phylum spreads the Lyme disease bacteria to humans. The organism in which Batesian mimicry was first observed is in this phylum, which also includes the model organism Drosophila melanogaster. These organisms have exoskeletons made out of chitin. The extinct trilobite belongs to, for the point, what large invertebrate phylum of crustaceans, arachnids, and insects, making up about 80% of all known species?
ARTHROPODA (or ARTHROPODS)
The largest globular cluster of this galaxy is Omega Centauri. The zone of avoidance is the region in the sky obscured by this object. This galaxy’s centre is home to the radio source Sagittarius A-star, which is likely a supermassive black hole. This galaxy was shown to have a central bar in 2005, to go with its 4 main spiral arms. The nearest galaxy to this galaxy is Andromeda. For the point, name this galaxy of the Local Group that is home to our Solar System.
MILKY WAY
Parafollicular cells in the thyroid secrete a hormone that reduce levels of this element in blood. Deficiency in certain vitamins or this element can cause rickets. Clam shells and pearls are largely made up of this element’s carbonate. This element, found to the right of potassium on the periodic table, is commonly found in dietary supplements for sufferers of osteoporosis to boost the strength of their bones. For the point, name this with element with chemical symbol Ca.
CALCIUM
John Fanning names a quantity that describes the effects of this force on pressure in pipes. Guillaume Amontons [ghee-yom ah-mon-ton] names a set of three laws for this force, one of which states that it is unaffected by apparent area of contact. Sliding velocity does not impact the kinetic form of this force, whose static form keeps objects stationary. An object on an inclined plane may stay put due to, for the point, what force that opposes motion along a surface?
FRICTION
This trigonometric function is increasing and has a period of pi, with a vertical asymptote when x equals pi over 2. This function can be computed as an angle’s sine divided by the cosine or, in a right triangle, as the opposite side divided by the adjacent side. This kind of line has the same slope as the curve at their point of intersection, causing them to be perpendicular to the radius in any circle. For the point, give this term for a line that just touches a curve once.
TANGENT
A recent study counting beetles in this biome used helium balloons to dislodge them from their habitat and estimated 25,000 species in San Lorenzo. In this biome, liana vines form bridges for sloths to slowly move within the canopy. Over 25 percent of global oxygen turnover derives from these locations. Logging threatens, for the point, what highly diverse biome in regions like South America’s Amazon, named for its high level of precipitation?
RAINFORESTS
The Portuguese took advantage of one type of this phenomenon using the volta do mar technique. The Roaring Forties are a particularly powerful version of this phenomenon in the Southern Hemisphere. This phenomenon’s magnitude is measured on the Beaufort Scale. Kinetic energy from this phenomenon spins turbines, a source of renewable energy. For the point, name this phenomenon that, in a hurricane, measures over 74 miles per hour.
WINDS
A shortcut in writing electron configurations puts the symbols of these elements in brackets. Alpha particles are identical to an atom of one of these elements. An 1898 experiment performed by William Ramsay discovered three of these elements in a filtered sample of dry air, once the nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide was gone. For the point, name this group of elements that includes argon, neon, and helium on the far right of the periodic table.
NOBLE GASSES (Group 18, or inert gasses ok)
One form of this effect was verified in the M¨ossbauer rotor experiments. In astronomy, this effect is used to explain redshift and blueshift, in which stars change color as their distance from Earth changes. This effect explains the change in pitch when a police car’s siren approaches, then passes, an observer. For the point, name this effect that explains the changes in wave frequency relative to motion, used in weather radar imaging.
DOPPLER EFFECT
These systems are subject to Kirchhoff’s laws, one of which notes that the sum of directed potential differences around one of them must be zero. An inductor joins with a capacitor in the “LC” type of these systems. These systems may be created out of copper wiring connecting elements like capacitors and resistors on “boards” found in computer hardware. For the point, name these pathways through which electric current can flow.
CIRCUITS
This molecule exists in Z, A, or its more common B form. Adding methyl groups to this molecule will deactivate parts of it. Billions of copies of this molecule are created during PCR. This molecule wraps around histones to form chromatin, and this molecule’s nucleotides are sequenced to study genomes. The genetic material for life is carried by, for the point, what polymer of nitrogenous bases that forms a double helix?
DNA
The interior of one of these objects was studied by the Deep Impact spacecraft. The breakup and destruction of one of these objects was observed in 1992 as it crashed into Jupiter; that object was named Shoemaker-Levy 9. These objects have a nucleus which is surrounded by a coma. The Philae lander is on one of these objects. For the point, name these celestial objects that, as they pass near the Sun, develop a bright tail.
COMETS
Marcus theory explains interactions that result in the transfer of these particles between chemical species. For two of these particles in an atom, at least one of the four quantum numbers for these fermions must differ, according to the Pauli exclusion principle. If these particles are found in the outermost shell of an atom, they are described as valence. For the point, name these particles that orbit an atom’s nucleus.
ELECTRONS
Two “emergency planning zones” are found at each American location of this type. Iodine was released into the air after one of these on Three Mile Island experienced a meltdown. The Tohoku earthquake caused a level 7 event at one of these facilities in Fukushima. Fission is used to generate electricity in reactors in, for the point, what type of power plant that runs on subatomic interactions?
NUCLEAR POWER PLANTS
These locations replaced the “putting-out” system, which was largely done domestically. Richard Arkwright’s spinning frame allowed yarn to be produced in these facilities, ending a cottage industry. The River Rouge Complex was a large example of these facilities, where interchangeable parts move between workstations in an assembly line developed by Henry Ford. For the point, name these sites that were built during the Industrial Revolution, where workers use large machinery to build goods.
FACTORY, FACTORIES
During a six-day stop on the island of St. Helena, this man noted differences between it and other islands. This man carried a copy of Charles Lyell’s Principles of Geology during that expedition, which was led by Robert Fitzroy. This man studied land iguanas on an archipelago west of Ecuador, as well as finches that inspired his landmark theory. For the point, name this English naturalist who developed the theory of evolution by natural selection.
DARWIN (Charles Robert)
The Rossi-Forel scale was an early way of measuring the intensity of these events. A sonic boom-like effect can occur during the supershear type of these events when a rupture travels faster than the shear wave. The depth of focus measures how far underground these events occur. Aftershocks are smaller versions of, for the point, what seismic events measured on the Richter scale that can cause buildings to topple over?
EARTHQUAKES
Mixtures can undergo this process below the eutectic point. Liquid nitrogen is often used in the “flash” form of this process, common in the meatpacking industry. Supercooling is when this process’s namesake point is crossed without the occurrence of this process; for water, that happens below zero degrees Celsius. For the point, name this process by which a liquid becomes a solid, the opposite of melting.
FREEZING (TRUNING INTO A SOLID)
The Fourier transform converts a function from the time domain to a domain named for this quantity. Longer waves tend be described in terms of their period rather than this quantity, which is the reciprocal of the period. For the point, name this quantity, measured in hertz, that counts the number of repetitions of a phenomenon over a given unit of time.
FREQUENCY
The Three Utilities Problem has no solution because one of these objects is nonplanar. Leonhard Euler [oiler] used one of these objects to solve the Seven Bridges of K¨onigsberg problem, showing that no walk used each edge exactly once. A different kind of object with this name is the subject of the Vertical Line Test and plots points with the input and output measured along the horizontal and vertical axes. For the point, name these diagrams that represent functions in the xy-plane.
GRAPHS