Cell Structures + Functions
What can be found instead the nucleus?
All of the cell's genetic material (DNA/chromosomes/coded instructions for carrying out cell activities)
What is photosynthesis?
The process of turning light energy into chemical energy in the form of glucose.
Name the following levels of organization from largest to smallest: organs, tissues, body systems, and cells.
cells, tissues, organs, body systems.
What is an immunization?
Otherwise known as a vaccines, immunizations provide protection against specific infectious diseases.
What is cellular respiration?
A bodily process where glucose is broken down to release energy in the form of ATP
What does it mean to be "multicellular?"
The organism consists of many different types of specialized cells. For example, humans have skin cells, blood cells, nerve cells, etc.
Where does photosynthesis take place inside the cell?
Chloroplast
What human body system is responsible for transporting oxygen and nutrients to all corners of the body
Circulatory System
What is the difference between antibodies and antibiotics?
Your immune system produces antibodies that destroy unwelcome germs. This is a natural defense against infection.
Antibiotics are man-made drugs that fight bacteria. They are often used when antibodies aren't enough to fight off the infection.
What is a semi-permeable (or selectively permeable) membrane?
It's a barrier that controls the movement of materials. It allows some materials to pass through and restricts other materials.
What are the main differences between plant and animal cells? Name both.
Plants have a cell wall and chloroplasts, whereas animals cells do not.
Plant cells also have a large central vacuole whereas animal cells have multiple, smaller vacuoles.
What types of organisms perform cellular respiration?
Both plants and animals
What is the respiratory system responsible for and name one organ in this system.
responsible for breathing and moving oxygen and carbon dioxide in and out of the bloodstream.
--> lungs, trachea (windpipe), airways, nose, throat
What are some ways that germs can enter the body? Name at least 2
breaks in the skin
air
contaminated food and water
contact with contaminated blood or saliva
sexual activity
Where does cellular respiration mainly take place?
Mitochondrion
Name at least 2 organelles (that have yet to be mentioned) that can be found in plant and/or animal cells and name their function.
cell wall - protects the plant cell, gives the cell its shape
chloroplast - absorb light energy for the production of food
vacuole - stores water, nutrients, wastes, and other substances. Found in both plant and animal cells, but helps gives specifically plant cells their shape and helps the plant remain upright.
nucleus - contains genetic material that directs the activities of the cell
cell membrane - protects cell and allows certain substances to move into and out of the cell
ribosomes - produce proteins
cytoplasm - suspends organelles in its jelly-like substance for protection
mitochondrion - the powerhouse of the cell/the site of cell's energy production
What are the products of cellular respiration?
carbon dioxide, water, and ATP
What is the digestive system responsible for and name one organ in this system.
breaking down food into nutrients that the body needs for energy, growth, and cell repair.
--> mouth, esophagus, stomach, small + large intestine
What is one way the body fights infection naturally (other than antibodies)?
The first lines of defense against infection are:
the skin
mucous membranes in the nose
tears
acid in the stomach
Match the following pieces of information to the correct area of the brain:
- thinking, seeing, speaking
- coordinating movement and position
- breathing and heart rate control
cerebellum, brainstem, and cerebrum
cerebrum - thinking, seeing, speaking
cerebellum - coordinating movement and position
brainstem - breathing and heart rate control
What are the main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? Name all 3.
Prokaryotic cells are unicellular, do not have a nucleus, and are found in organisms like bacteria.
Eukaryotic cells are multicellular, have a nucleus, and are found in organisms like animals and plants.
Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration maintain the balance of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
Photosynthesis and cellular respiration are complimentary processes to one another. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration.
Plants use carbon dioxide for photosynthesis and breathe out oxygen as a byproduct. Organisms breathe in oxygen for cellular respiration and breathe out carbon dioxide as a byproduct. This cycle keeps a balance of carbon dioxide and oxygen in the atmosphere.
What is the difference between skeletal and smooth muscles? Also give one example of each muscle.
Skeletal muscles are attached to the bones. They are responsible for voluntary movement. Some examples of these muscles are biceps, hamstrings, and triceps.
Smooth muscles are in the walls of internal organs. They are responsible for involuntary movement such as digestion and blood pressure regulation. Some examples of these muscles are the stomach and intestines.
What is the difference between drug addiction, psychological dependence, and habituation?
Drug addiction is a severe form of substance dependence that causes physical changes in the body.
Psychological dependence is the emotional and mental reliance on a substance. This is often associated with cravings.
Habituation is the diminishing of a response to a drug the more it's used. A person's body becomes accustomed to a drug the more its used. Therefore, individuals become reliant on higher doses of drugs to achieve the same effect they used to achieve on lower doses.
What are the two major branches of the nervous system? Additionally, what body parts are within these branches?
Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain + spinal cord
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - nerve network throughout the body