Gene Expression
What molecule carries genetic instructions?
DNA
What organelle is known as the “powerhouse of the cell”?
Mitochondria
What is the smallest unit of an element?
Atom
What molecule is the primary energy currency of cells, storing and releasing energy as needed?
ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
What is the term for the Earth’s natural satellite?
Moon
What molecule brings amino acids to the ribosome during protein synthesis?
tRNA
What structure controls what enters and leaves the cell?
Cell membrane
What particle in an atom determines its chemical identity and position in the periodic table?
Proton
What component of blood helps with clotting and wound healing?
Platelets
What force keeps planets in orbit around the Sun?
Gravity
What process converts mRNA into a chain of amino acids?
Translation
What organelle contains the cell’s DNA and controls cell activities?
Nucleus
What term describes the amount of substance in moles that contains 6.022 × 10²³ particles?
Avogadro’s number (or a mole)
What tiny structures in the lungs are surrounded by capillaries and allow the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide?
Alveoli
What type of rock forms from cooled magma or lava?
Igneous rock
What type of RNA carries the genetic code from DNA to the ribosome?
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
What structure modifies, packages, and ships proteins made by the cell?
Golgi apparatus
What type of reaction involves both oxidation and reduction occurring simultaneously?
Redox reaction
Which gland in the brain controls other endocrine glands by releasing hormones like ACTH?
Pituitary gland
What layer of Earth lies directly beneath the crust?
Mantle
What is the functional product of gene expression that performs a specific role in the cell?
Protein
What process allows water to move across a membrane from high to low concentration?
Osmosis
What principle states that the rate of a chemical reaction increases with temperature due to more frequent and energetic collisions?
Collision theory
What type of muscle is found in the walls of internal organs and is involuntary?
Smooth muscle
What process powers the Sun by combining hydrogen atoms into helium?
Nuclear fusion